Indigenous system of Natural Resource Management and Sustainable development
Natural Resource Management means the management of the natural resources such as land, water, soil and animals. It mainly focused on how the management affects the quality of life of the human and also how the environment can be at its best.Indigenous knowledge is the knowledge that is unique to a given culture or society contrast with the international knowledge system. It is the basis for local-level decision-making in agriculture, healthcare, food preparation, education and natural-resource management.
Summary
Natural Resource Management means the management of the natural resources such as land, water, soil and animals. It mainly focused on how the management affects the quality of life of the human and also how the environment can be at its best.Indigenous knowledge is the knowledge that is unique to a given culture or society contrast with the international knowledge system. It is the basis for local-level decision-making in agriculture, healthcare, food preparation, education and natural-resource management.
Things to Remember
Features of indigenous knowledge
- Based on life experience
- Incorporation of local and natural resources
- Use of ecology friendly technology
- As a part of cultural capital
- Grounded practices
- Spontaneous transfer of marginal skill and knowledge
- Locally bound, indigenous to a specific area
Issues regarding the indigenous knowledge and NRM
- Poor understanding of Indigenous knowledge
- Devaluation of Indigenous knowledge by Western science
- Low cultural awareness
- Not consulting the right people
- Lack of mechanisms to protect Indigenous knowledge
- Aboriginal organizations not working together
- Lack of resources and frameworks for Indigenous knowledge
- Community needs not being met accountability processes are unclear
- Current planning processes are inappropriate
- Poor information access and flow
- Problems of distance and dispersal, in desert regions.
Guidelines for Indigenous participation in Natural Resource Management
- Indigenous people need to be represented on regional decision- making committees
- Consulting and incorporating the views of all peak Indigenous organizations.
- The regional plan will contain a section that responds to legislative and legal requirements and responsibilities. This section should include any such matters relating to Indigenous land and water
- The indigenous community should be identified and their interests are taken into account through direct consultation.
Four Principles of Ecosystem Sustainability
- For sustainability, ecosystems use sunlight as a non-deplete able nonpolluting form of energy.
- For sustainability, ecosystems break down and recycle all the wastes as nutrients.
- For sustainability, Herbivorous populations must be kept in check so that overgrazing and the destruction of the ecosystem do not occur.
- Biodiversity is healthy for ecosystems.
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Subjective Questions
Q1:
What are the type of policies of insurance?
Type: Long Difficulty: Easy
<h4>1. Term Life Insurance</h4>
<p>Term insurance provides protection for a specified period of time. This period can be for one year or provide coverage for a specific number of years such as 5, 10, 20 years. It refers longer the guarantee, the higher the initial premium. If a person dies during the term period, the company will pay the face amount of the policy to his beneficiary. If he lives beyond the term period he had selected, no benefit is payable. According to the rule, the term policies offer a death benefit with no savings element or cash value. This policy has some basic features, which are given as follows:</p>
<p><strong>a) Temporary protection<br /></strong>The temporary protection of this policy may be 1 year, 5 years, 10 years or 20 years. The protection expires at the end of the period unless the policy is renewed. </p>
<p><strong>b) Convertible<br /></strong>Most of the policy can be convertible which means the term policy can be exchanged. The policies may be exchanged for a cash- value policy without evidence of insurability.</p>
<p><strong>c) Renewal<br /></strong>The policy can be renewed for the additional period without evidence of insurability. Most of the term policies are renewal.</p>
<p><strong>d) No cash surrender value<br /></strong>The term policy provides protection after the death of insured in a specified time period. It does not provide amount after the period expired.</p>
<h4>2. Whole life policy</h4>
<p>The Whole life policy is a type of permanent insurance. It is a combine life coverage with an investment fund. It provides for the payment of the fresh amount of the policy on the death of the insured to his/her nominee. The premium of the life insurance is made during the entire life time of the insured. Generally, this policy is a policy purchased by the person to protect the family or dependents. The amount of premium of this policy is lower as compared to other policies.<br />There are three types of whole life insurance which are as follows:</p>
<p><strong>a) Ordinary whole life policy<br /></strong>Ordinary whole life is a form of whole life insurance that provides life time protection to the insured. This policy is useful to provide lump sum continuing income to beneficiaries.</p>
<p><strong>b) Limited payment whole life insurance<br /></strong>Whole life insurance provides lifetime protection with the single premium. The insured also has life time protection, but the premiums are paid for a limited period such as 10, 20, or 30 years, until age 65.</p>
<p><strong>c) Convertible whole life insurance<br /></strong>The main purpose of convertible whole life policy is to provide maximum protection at minimum cost. It brings flexibility in life insurance.</p>
<h4>3. Endowment policy</h4>
<p>An endowment policy is insurance contract designed to pay a lump sum after a specific term or on death. Here, the maturities are 10, 15 or 20 years up to a certain age limit. An endowment is payable at the death of the insured or on a specified maturity death if the insured survives to the end of the endowment period. The face amount of insurance is paid to the policyholder at that time. The insured pays the premium for a fixed period of maturity to the end of the endowment period. This types of policy hs higher rate of premium but offers both investment and protection advantage. </p>
<p><strong>a) Ordinary endowment policy<br /></strong>This policy is purchased for a fixed period of time. The premium is to be paid till the maturity of endowment period or up to the time of the death of the insured.</p>
<p><strong>b) Double endowment policy<br /></strong>Double endowment is the policy at which double of policy amount is payable to insured if he survives to the end of endowment period.</p>
<p><strong>c) Joint life endowment policy<br /></strong>In this policy, the amount is paid to the survivor after the death of the person. If both of them are alive until the policy period, the amount is refunded. It is generally purchased by the married couple.</p>
<p><strong>d) Pure endowment policy<br /></strong>In this policy, the insured amount is payable to the policyholder only if he survives till the maturity of the policy. If the policyholder dies before the maturity of the policy, the insured amount is not payable by the insurance company.</p>
<p><strong>e) Deferred endowment policy</strong><br />In this policy, the insured amount is payable only at the end of the endowment period even the insured dies prior to the maturity.</p>
<h4>4. Unit Linked Insurance Plans</h4>
<p>A unit-linked insurance plan is a type of insurance vehicle in which net asset values are purchased by the policyholder. It helps to provide an option to invest in any number of qualified investments, such as stock, bonds or mutual funds. In certain areas, ULIPs differ from traditional endowment plans. As the name suggests, the performance of ULIP is linked to markets. Individuals can choose the allocation for investments in stock or debt markets. The value of the investment portfolio is captured by the net asset value. </p>
<h4>5. Money Back Policy</h4>
<p>In a money back plan, the insured person gets a percentage of sum assured at regular intervals. The person will not get the lump sum amount at the end of the term. In this Policy , the sum assured by the company will be paid in installments at periodic intervals. However, the full sum of assured is payable without any deduction in the event of death. The bonus additions to the policy will be reckoned and they are payable at the end of the selected term of years or at the Life Assured's death. </p>
<p> </p>
Q2:
Describe the term policy of insurance.
Type: Short Difficulty: Easy
<p>Generally, an insurance policy is assembled with a combination of various standard forms. It includes a declarations page, coverage form, and endorsements. Sometimes a cause of loss form is also required. In order to protect the property, we can contact an insurance carrier to acquire an insurance policy which can protect things from damages.</p>
<p>An insurance policy is a legally binding contract between an insurance company and the person who buys the policy, known as "policyholder", who is also the person insured. The insurance company agrees to pay for the certain types of loss or damage as specified by the contract. The term insurance policy refers specifically to the written contract.</p>
Q3:
What do you mean by whole life policy?
Type: Short Difficulty: Easy
<p><strong>a) Ordinary whole life policy<br /></strong>Ordinary whole life is a form of whole life insurance that provides life time protection to the insured. This policy is useful to provide lump sum continuing income to beneficiaries.</p>
<p><strong>b) Limited payment whole life insurance<br /></strong>Whole life insurance provides lifetime protection with the single premium. The insured also has life time protection, but the premiums are paid for a limited period such as 10, 20, or 30 years, until age 65.</p>
<p><strong>c) Convertible whole life insurance<br /></strong>The main purpose of convertible whole life policy is to provide maximum protection at minimum cost. It brings flexibility in life insurance.</p>
Q4:
What do you mean by endowment policy?
Type: Short Difficulty: Easy
<p><strong>a) Ordinary endowment policy<br /></strong>This policy is purchased for a fixed period of time. The premium is to be paid till the maturity of endowment period or up to the time of the death of the insured.</p>
<p><strong>b) Double endowment policy<br /></strong>Double endowment is the policy at which double of policy amount is payable to insured if he survives to the end of endowment period.</p>
<p><strong>c) Joint life endowment policy<br /></strong>In this policy, the amount is paid to the survivor after the death of the person. If both of them are alive until the policy period, the amount is refunded. It is generally purchased by the married couple.</p>
<p><strong>d) Pure endowment policy<br /></strong>In this policy, the insured amount is payable to the policyholder only if he survives till the maturity of the policy. If the policyholder dies before the maturity of the policy, the insured amount is not payable by the insurance company.</p>
<p><strong>e) Deferred endowment policy</strong><br />In this policy, the insured amount is payable only at the end of the endowment period even the insured dies prior to the maturity.</p>
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Indigenous system of Natural Resource Management and Sustainable development
Natural resource management
Natural Resource Management means the management of the natural resources such as land, water, soil and animals. It mainly focused on how the management affects the quality of life of the human and also how the environment can be at its best. It brings together land use planning, water management, biodiversity conservation, and the future sustainability of industries. It focuses on a scientific and technical understanding of resources and life supporting capacity of resources.
Indigenous knowledge
Indigenous knowledge is the knowledge that is unique to a given culture or society contrast with the international knowledge system. It is the basis for local-level decision-making in agriculture, healthcare, food preparation, education and natural-resource management. Indigenous information systems are dynamic and are continually influenced by internal creativity, experimentation, and experience.
The importance of the indigenous, knowledge is that it encompasses the skills, experiences and insights of people, applied to maintain or improve their livelihood. It is essential for sustainable development as the availability of physical and financial capital.
Following are the features of indigenous knowledge
- Based on life experience
- Incorporation of local and natural resources
- Use of ecology friendly technology
- As a part of cultural capital
- Grounded practices
- Spontaneous transfer of marginal skill and knowledge
- Locally bound, indigenous to a specific area
Indigenous system of natural resource management
Management of natural resources through the techniques of indigenous knowledge is referred as the indigenous system of natural resource management. Most of the communities use their local knowledge which they have been practicing for years for the conservation of natural resources. Generally, the management of natural resources includes forest management, land management, and water management.
Indigenous system of forest management
It is the system adopted by the indigenous people for the conservation of the forest and its protection. Some of the techniques that are applied in the indigenous system of forest management are
- Only harvesting selected products and species,
- Harvesting according to the condition of the product,
- Limiting the amount of product, and
- Using social means of monitoring
Indigenous system of forest management in Nepal
There are many indigenous groups in Nepal. They have been managing and conserving the forest in their own way. In Rana regime, the responsibility was given to the certain group by the government itself but now most of the-the forest are community forest and few are protected by indigenous groups of people. Before 1950, the responsibility of forest management was given to certain local institution like Jammal, Subba, SinghiniNawa, multiyear talukdars etc. After 1950 A new Forest Act 1961 and Special Forest Protection Act 1967 were formulated to manage, control and protect the forests.After 1990, most of the indigenous institution were replaced by the communities’ forest.
Now we can see few indigenous institution managing the forest they are listed below:
- The Kip or Subba institution of forest and pasture management
- Jemma al and Mukhiyas Institution
- The Shingginawa institution of the Khumbu region
- Mukhiya, Nora/Rokaya institutions in Karnali region
- The Gumba system in Pugno Village, Dolpa
- Traditional village councils in Nar and Phu Village of Upper Manan
Indigenous system of water management
It includes the conservation of the water resources and managing the water for their best and effective use. In Nepal different techniques were used to manage the water for daily use. In a village of hilly areas Small ponds made to store rainy water the for the dry season. Similarly for irrigation purpose water diversion the from the same stream was done and irrigation was done by using continuous flowing spring.
Common indigenous water management techniques that are existing in Nepal are
- Sarah-Chhattis (16-36) Mauja irrigation system
- Argali irrigation
- Giri Khola irrigation
- Raj Kulo irrigation
- Stone spouts of Patan
- Community managed Godavari drinking water
- Traditional watermills
Indigenous system of land management
Guidelines for land management
- Plan for long-term change and unexpected events
- Preserve rare landscape elements and associated species
- Avoid land uses that deplete natural resources
- Avoid or compensate for the effects of development on ecological processes
- Implement land-use and land-management practices that are compatible with the natural potential of the area
Issues regarding the indigenous knowledge and NRM
- Poor understanding of Indigenous knowledge
- Devaluation of Indigenous knowledge by Western science
- Low cultural awareness
- Not consulting the right people
- Lack of mechanisms to protect Indigenous knowledge
- Aboriginal organizations not working together
- Lack of resources and frameworks for Indigenous knowledge
- Community needs not being met accountability processes are unclear
- Current planning processes are inappropriate
- Poor information access and flow
- Problems of distance and dispersal, in desert regions.
Guidelines for Indigenous participation in Natural Resource Management
- Indigenous people need to be represented on regional decision- making committees
- Consulting and incorporating the views of all peak Indigenous organizations.
- The regional plan will contain a section that responds to legislative and legal requirements and responsibilities. This section should include any such matters relating to Indigenous land and water
- The indigenous community should be identified and their interests are taken into account through direct consultation.
Conclusions
- Participation of local community members, including women and elders, is essential in all aspects of implementation: research, planning, and training
- Indigenous knowledge systems reflect cultural values as well as technical knowledge – hence, understanding these systems introduce great changes
- Existing local organizations and informal associations must be recognized and strengthened to meet the development needs and management of natural resources
Sustainability of eco systems and the need for responsible development practices.
Sustainability of eco systems
The sustainability of the ecosystem is very essential to support the life on earth. The capacity of the ecosystems to maintain their essential functions, processes and retain their biodiversity in full measure over the long term the ecosystem sustainability. It included the following things
- Enhanced climate regulation through rebalancing of the carbon cycle.
- Protection of essential ecosystem including enhanced food and water security, the public health and the societal wellbeing.
- Reduction of risks further ecosystem degradation and subsequent societal disruption.
Preservation of the natural environment becomes very essential for maintaining the economic sustainability. The componentsare water, energy, air, climate, biodiversity, land and forest.
Four Principles of Ecosystem Sustainability
- For sustainability, ecosystems use sunlight as a non-deplete able nonpolluting form of energy.
- For sustainability, ecosystems break down and recycle all the wastes as nutrients.
- For sustainability, Herbivorous populations must be kept in check so that overgrazing and the destruction of the ecosystem do not occur.
- Biodiversity is healthy for ecosystems.
The need for responsible development practices
Every factor which is related to development should be responsible for responsible development practices to make the development sustainability.
References:
1. Mackenzie L. Davis & David A. Cornwell, “Introduction to Environmental Engineering”, McGraw Hill.
2. Gilbert M. Masters, Standford University, “Introduction to Environmental Engineering and Science”, Printice Hall.
3. Stephan Konz, Kansas State University, “Work design”, Grid Publishing Inc., Colombus, Ohio
4. C. S. Rao, “Environmental Pollution Control Engineering”, New age International (P) Limited, Publishers, India.
Lesson
7 Global issues and responsible development practices
Subject
Mechanical Engineering
Grade
Engineering
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