Condition Monitoring of RE Network Components
The concept of condition monitoring and its advantages are described briefly in this note article. A sample checklist of the condition monitoring of the components of a transmission and distribution system has also been given.
Summary
The concept of condition monitoring and its advantages are described briefly in this note article. A sample checklist of the condition monitoring of the components of a transmission and distribution system has also been given.
Things to Remember
- Condition monitoring involves the use of an existing technology to predict the failure of an equipment.
- Condition monitoring has numerous advantages which are given in the main article.
- The condition of all the components of a transmission and distribution system should be monitored regularly.
MCQs
No MCQs found.
Subjective Questions
Q1:
- What is culture media? Write its composition and types?
Type: Long Difficulty: Easy
Show/Hide Answer
Answer: <h3>Culture media</h3>
<p>It is a solid or liquid designed to support the growth of microorganisms or cells or small plants like the mossPhyscomitrellaapatenss</p>
<h4>Composition of media</h4>
<p>Many components optimize the growth of microorganisms on media. The basic requirements for medical include:</p>
<ol>
<li>A solidifying agent</li>
<li>Nutrient source</li>
<li>A specific PH regulator</li>
<li>Any number of specific regulator</li>
</ol>
<p>The ingredients used in culture media are range from pure chemical compound to complex material such as extracts or digests of the plant and animal tissue.</p>
<p>a. Agar: it is used as a solidifying agent in media. It is polysaccharide derived from red algae. It is used mainly because it’s unique property of melting at 100degree Celsius and solidifying at 40degree Celsius.</p>
<p>b. Peptones: Peptones primarily contains peptides and amino acid. Being crude digests of complex materials, they contain a great variety of other organic and inorganic materials but they may be deficient in certain materials and vitamins.</p>
<p>c. Extracts: these extracts are frequently used as a source of amino acid, vitamins and co-enzymes included many needed as growth factors by fastidious organisms.</p>
<p>d. Body fluids: whole or defibrinated blood, plasma, serum or other body fluids are frequently added to culture media for isolation and cultivation of many pathogens.</p>
<p><strong>Examples of media</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Nutrient broth</li>
</ul>
<p>Beef extracts - 3g</p>
<p>Peptone - 5g</p>
<p>Water - 1000ml</p>
<ul>
<li>Nutrient agar</li>
</ul>
<p>Beef extracts - 3g</p>
<p>Peptone - 5g</p>
<p>Agar - 15g</p>
<p>Water - 1000ml</p>
<p>There are different types of media for growing different types of cells.</p>
<h4>a. Nutrient media:</h4>
<p>Nutrient media contain all the elements that most bacteria need for growth and are non-selective, so they are used for the general cultivation and maintenance of bacteria kept in laboratory culture collections. Some examples of nutrient media includePlate count agar,Nutrient agar,Trypticase soy agar, An undefined medium is a medium that contains:</p>
<ul>
<li>a carbon source such as glucose for bacterial growth</li>
<li>water</li>
<li>various salts needed for bacterial growth</li>
<li>a source of amino acids and nitrogen</li>
</ul>
<h4>b. minimal media:</h4>
<p>Minimal media are those that contain the minimum nutrients possible for colony growth, generally without the presence of amino acids, and are often used by microbiologists and geneticists to grow "wild type" microorganisms.</p>
<p><strong>Minimal medium typically contains:</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>a carbon source for bacterial growth, which may be a sugar such as glucose, or a less energy-rich source like succinate</li>
<li>various salts, which may vary among bacteria species and growing conditions; these generally provide essential elements such as magnesium,nitrogen,phosphorus, and sulfur to allow the bacteria to synthesize protein and nucleic acid</li>
<li>water</li>
</ul>
<h4>c. selective media:</h4>
<p>Selectivemediaareused for the growth of only selected microorganisms. For example, if a microorganism is resistant to a certain antibiotic, such as ampicillin or tetracycline, then that antibiotic can be added to the medium in order to prevent other cells, which do not possess the resistance, from growing.</p>
<p><strong>Examples of selective media include:</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Eosin methylene blue (EMB) contains dyes that are toxic for Gram-positive bacteria.</li>
<li>YM(yeast and mold) which has a low PH</li>
<li>Hektoen enteric agar (HE) which is selective for Gram-negative bacteria</li>
<li>Mannitol salt agar (MSA) which is selective for Gram-positive bacteria and differential for mannitol</li>
<li>Terrific Broth (TB) is used with glycerol in cultivating recombinant strains of Escherichiacoli.</li>
<li>Buffered charcoal yeast extract agar, which is selective for certain gram-negative bacteria</li>
<li>Baird–Parker agar for Gram-positiveStaphylococci</li>
</ul>
<h4>d.Differential media:</h4>
<p>Differential media indicator media distinguish one microorganism type from another growing on the same media. This type of media is used for the detection of microorganisms and by molecular biologists to detect recombinant strains of bacteria.</p>
<p><strong>Examples of differential media include:</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Blood agar(used in strep tests), which contains bovine heart blood that becomes transparent in the presence of hemolyticStreptococcusss</li>
<li>Eosin methylene blue (EMB), which is differential for lactose fermentation</li>
<li>Granada medium (EMB), which is selective and differential forStreptococcus agalactia</li>
<li>Mannitol salt agar (MSA), which is differential for mannitol fermentation.</li>
</ul>
<h4>e. Transport media:</h4>
<p><strong>Transport media should fulfill the following criteria:</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Temporary storage of specimens being transported to the laboratory for cultivation.</li>
<li>Maintain the viability of all organisms in the specimen without altering their concentration.</li>
<li>Contain only buffers and salt.</li>
<li>Lack of carbon, nitrogen, and organic growth factors so as to prevent microbial multiplication.</li>
<li>Transport media used in the isolation of anaerobes must be free of molecular oxygen.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Examples of transport media include:</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Thioglycolatebrothforstrict anaerobes.</li>
<li>Certain bacterial inhibitors- for gonococci, and buffered glycerol saline for enteric bacilli.</li>
</ul>
<h4>f. Enchriedmedia:</h4>
<p>Enriched media contain the nutrients required to support the growth of a wide variety of organisms, including some of the most fastidious ones. They are commonly used to harvest as many different types of microbes as are present in the specimen.Blood agar is an enriched medium in which nutritionally rich whole blood supplements the basic nutrients.Chocolateagarenriched with heat-treated blood (40–45°C), which turns brown and gives the medium the color for which it is named. Example: LB medium.</p>
<h4>Staining technique</h4>
<p>Bacteria consist of clear protoplasm whose refractive index is slightly different from the medium in which they are suspended; therefore it is very difficult to see them under a light microscope so, staining is necessary to see their morphology. staining is a process of impregnating a substance equally tissue or cells with pigments so that its component parts may be visible under a microscope.</p>
<p>Staining is a procedure that applies colored chemicals called dyes to specimens.</p>
<h4>Smear preparation:</h4>
<p>The slide must be free from dust,grease, and scratch. Every slide must be labeled clearly with the date and patient’s name and number before making a smear on the frosted end. The universal precaution should be taken when handling infectious materials. The technique used to make smear from different specimens is as follow:</p>
<ol>
<li>Purulent specimen: Using a sterile wire loop, make a thin preparation. Do not centrifuge a purulent fluid. E.g. C.S.F. containing pus cells, purulent sputum.</li>
<li>Non- purulent fluid specimen: centrifuge the fluid and make a smear from a drop of well-mixed sediment. For e.g. body fluid specimen with scantly pus cells.</li>
<li>Culture: emulsify a colony in a sterile distilled water or normal saline with the help of sterile loop and make a thin preparation on a slide.</li>
<li>Sputum: use a piece of clean stick to transfer and spread purulent and caseous material on a slide. Soak the stick in a phenol or hypochlorite disinfectant before discarding it.</li>
<li>Swabs: roll the swab on the slide. This is a particularly important when looking for intracellular bacteria such as Neisseria gonorrhea. Rolling the swab avoid damaging the pus cells.</li>
<li>Faces: use a piece of clean stick to transfer pus and mucus to a slide. Decontaminate the stick before discarding it. Spread to make a thin preparation.</li>
</ol>
<h4>Types of staining</h4>
<p>The types of staining areas follow:</p>
<ol>
<li><strong>Simple staining:</strong></li>
</ol>
<p>The coloration of bacteria by applying a simple solution of stain to be fixed smear is termed as simple staining. It shows the presence of organisms and the nature of the cellular content. It provides the same color to all bacteria.</p>
<ol start="2">
<li><strong>Differential staining:</strong></li>
</ol>
<p>Staining procedure that makes visible the differences between bacterial cells or parts of bacterial cells are termed as differential staining. The most commonly used staining technique is:</p>
<ol start="1884">
<li>Gram staining: it is most important and widely used differential staining technique in microbiology. The technique was first introduced by Christian gram in 1884. The steps are:</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>A fixed smear is first treated with crystal for 1 minute.</li>
<li>Pour off the stain and wash with water.</li>
<li>Apply gram iodine solution for 1 minute.</li>
<li>Tip-off iodine but do not wash.</li>
<li>Then decolorize rapidly by applying acetone. Incline the slide and pour acetone over it for 2-3 seconds until the purple color is removed.</li>
<li>Wash thoroughly with water to stop decolourization.</li>
<li>Counterstain with safranin for one minute.</li>
<li>Wash with running water, gently blot the slide with absorbent paper and observe under a microscope.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>3. Acid fast staining:</strong> The ordinary dye solutions do not readily penetrate the substance of tubercle bacillus and are therefore unsuitable for staining. The steps are :</p>
<ul>
<li>The prepared slide is heat fixed for 2 hours.</li>
<li>The slide is then flooded with carbon fuschia.</li>
<li>The slide is then heated slowly to steam and maintain for 3-5 minutes at 60 degree Celsius.</li>
<li>After cooling the slide wash with water and decolorized with acid alcohol.</li>
<li>The slide is washed with methyl blue for 20-30 seconds.</li>
<li>The slide is the washed, blow dried and observed under a microscope.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>4.Albert stain:</strong></p>
<p>This staining technique is used for staining the volutin granules of diphtheria bacillus. With Albert stain, volutin granules are stained bluish-black against a green protoplasm</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>It is a solid or liquid designed to support the growth of microorganisms or cells or small plants like the mossPhyscomitrellaapatenss</p>
<h4>Composition of media</h4>
<p>Many components optimize the growth of microorganisms on media. The basic requirements for medical include:</p>
<ol>
<li>A solidifying agent</li>
<li>Nutrient source</li>
<li>A specific PH regulator</li>
<li>Any number of specific regulator</li>
</ol>
<p>The ingredients used in culture media are range from pure chemical compound to complex material such as extracts or digests of the plant and animal tissue.</p>
<p>a. Agar: it is used as a solidifying agent in media. It is polysaccharide derived from red algae. It is used mainly because it’s unique property of melting at 100degree Celsius and solidifying at 40degree Celsius.</p>
<p>b. Peptones: Peptones primarily contains peptides and amino acid. Being crude digests of complex materials, they contain a great variety of other organic and inorganic materials but they may be deficient in certain materials and vitamins.</p>
<p>c. Extracts: these extracts are frequently used as a source of amino acid, vitamins and co-enzymes included many needed as growth factors by fastidious organisms.</p>
<p>d. Body fluids: whole or defibrinated blood, plasma, serum or other body fluids are frequently added to culture media for isolation and cultivation of many pathogens.</p>
<p><strong>Examples of media</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Nutrient broth</li>
</ul>
<p>Beef extracts - 3g</p>
<p>Peptone - 5g</p>
<p>Water - 1000ml</p>
<ul>
<li>Nutrient agar</li>
</ul>
<p>Beef extracts - 3g</p>
<p>Peptone - 5g</p>
<p>Agar - 15g</p>
<p>Water - 1000ml</p>
<p>There are different types of media for growing different types of cells.</p>
<h4>a. Nutrient media:</h4>
<p>Nutrient media contain all the elements that most bacteria need for growth and are non-selective, so they are used for the general cultivation and maintenance of bacteria kept in laboratory culture collections. Some examples of nutrient media includePlate count agar,Nutrient agar,Trypticase soy agar, An undefined medium is a medium that contains:</p>
<ul>
<li>a carbon source such as glucose for bacterial growth</li>
<li>water</li>
<li>various salts needed for bacterial growth</li>
<li>a source of amino acids and nitrogen</li>
</ul>
<h4>b. minimal media:</h4>
<p>Minimal media are those that contain the minimum nutrients possible for colony growth, generally without the presence of amino acids, and are often used by microbiologists and geneticists to grow "wild type" microorganisms.</p>
<p><strong>Minimal medium typically contains:</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>a carbon source for bacterial growth, which may be a sugar such as glucose, or a less energy-rich source like succinate</li>
<li>various salts, which may vary among bacteria species and growing conditions; these generally provide essential elements such as magnesium,nitrogen,phosphorus, and sulfur to allow the bacteria to synthesize protein and nucleic acid</li>
<li>water</li>
</ul>
<h4>c. selective media:</h4>
<p>Selectivemediaareused for the growth of only selected microorganisms. For example, if a microorganism is resistant to a certain antibiotic, such as ampicillin or tetracycline, then that antibiotic can be added to the medium in order to prevent other cells, which do not possess the resistance, from growing.</p>
<p><strong>Examples of selective media include:</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Eosin methylene blue (EMB) contains dyes that are toxic for Gram-positive bacteria.</li>
<li>YM(yeast and mold) which has a low PH</li>
<li>Hektoen enteric agar (HE) which is selective for Gram-negative bacteria</li>
<li>Mannitol salt agar (MSA) which is selective for Gram-positive bacteria and differential for mannitol</li>
<li>Terrific Broth (TB) is used with glycerol in cultivating recombinant strains of Escherichiacoli.</li>
<li>Buffered charcoal yeast extract agar, which is selective for certain gram-negative bacteria</li>
<li>Baird–Parker agar for Gram-positiveStaphylococci</li>
</ul>
<h4>d.Differential media:</h4>
<p>Differential media indicator media distinguish one microorganism type from another growing on the same media. This type of media is used for the detection of microorganisms and by molecular biologists to detect recombinant strains of bacteria.</p>
<p><strong>Examples of differential media include:</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Blood agar(used in strep tests), which contains bovine heart blood that becomes transparent in the presence of hemolyticStreptococcusss</li>
<li>Eosin methylene blue (EMB), which is differential for lactose fermentation</li>
<li>Granada medium (EMB), which is selective and differential forStreptococcus agalactia</li>
<li>Mannitol salt agar (MSA), which is differential for mannitol fermentation.</li>
</ul>
<h4>e. Transport media:</h4>
<p><strong>Transport media should fulfill the following criteria:</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Temporary storage of specimens being transported to the laboratory for cultivation.</li>
<li>Maintain the viability of all organisms in the specimen without altering their concentration.</li>
<li>Contain only buffers and salt.</li>
<li>Lack of carbon, nitrogen, and organic growth factors so as to prevent microbial multiplication.</li>
<li>Transport media used in the isolation of anaerobes must be free of molecular oxygen.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Examples of transport media include:</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Thioglycolatebrothforstrict anaerobes.</li>
<li>Certain bacterial inhibitors- for gonococci, and buffered glycerol saline for enteric bacilli.</li>
</ul>
<h4>f. Enchriedmedia:</h4>
<p>Enriched media contain the nutrients required to support the growth of a wide variety of organisms, including some of the most fastidious ones. They are commonly used to harvest as many different types of microbes as are present in the specimen.Blood agar is an enriched medium in which nutritionally rich whole blood supplements the basic nutrients.Chocolateagarenriched with heat-treated blood (40–45°C), which turns brown and gives the medium the color for which it is named. Example: LB medium.</p>
<h4>Staining technique</h4>
<p>Bacteria consist of clear protoplasm whose refractive index is slightly different from the medium in which they are suspended; therefore it is very difficult to see them under a light microscope so, staining is necessary to see their morphology. staining is a process of impregnating a substance equally tissue or cells with pigments so that its component parts may be visible under a microscope.</p>
<p>Staining is a procedure that applies colored chemicals called dyes to specimens.</p>
<h4>Smear preparation:</h4>
<p>The slide must be free from dust,grease, and scratch. Every slide must be labeled clearly with the date and patient’s name and number before making a smear on the frosted end. The universal precaution should be taken when handling infectious materials. The technique used to make smear from different specimens is as follow:</p>
<ol>
<li>Purulent specimen: Using a sterile wire loop, make a thin preparation. Do not centrifuge a purulent fluid. E.g. C.S.F. containing pus cells, purulent sputum.</li>
<li>Non- purulent fluid specimen: centrifuge the fluid and make a smear from a drop of well-mixed sediment. For e.g. body fluid specimen with scantly pus cells.</li>
<li>Culture: emulsify a colony in a sterile distilled water or normal saline with the help of sterile loop and make a thin preparation on a slide.</li>
<li>Sputum: use a piece of clean stick to transfer and spread purulent and caseous material on a slide. Soak the stick in a phenol or hypochlorite disinfectant before discarding it.</li>
<li>Swabs: roll the swab on the slide. This is a particularly important when looking for intracellular bacteria such as Neisseria gonorrhea. Rolling the swab avoid damaging the pus cells.</li>
<li>Faces: use a piece of clean stick to transfer pus and mucus to a slide. Decontaminate the stick before discarding it. Spread to make a thin preparation.</li>
</ol>
<h4>Types of staining</h4>
<p>The types of staining areas follow:</p>
<ol>
<li><strong>Simple staining:</strong></li>
</ol>
<p>The coloration of bacteria by applying a simple solution of stain to be fixed smear is termed as simple staining. It shows the presence of organisms and the nature of the cellular content. It provides the same color to all bacteria.</p>
<ol start="2">
<li><strong>Differential staining:</strong></li>
</ol>
<p>Staining procedure that makes visible the differences between bacterial cells or parts of bacterial cells are termed as differential staining. The most commonly used staining technique is:</p>
<ol start="1884">
<li>Gram staining: it is most important and widely used differential staining technique in microbiology. The technique was first introduced by Christian gram in 1884. The steps are:</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>A fixed smear is first treated with crystal for 1 minute.</li>
<li>Pour off the stain and wash with water.</li>
<li>Apply gram iodine solution for 1 minute.</li>
<li>Tip-off iodine but do not wash.</li>
<li>Then decolorize rapidly by applying acetone. Incline the slide and pour acetone over it for 2-3 seconds until the purple color is removed.</li>
<li>Wash thoroughly with water to stop decolourization.</li>
<li>Counterstain with safranin for one minute.</li>
<li>Wash with running water, gently blot the slide with absorbent paper and observe under a microscope.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>3. Acid fast staining:</strong> The ordinary dye solutions do not readily penetrate the substance of tubercle bacillus and are therefore unsuitable for staining. The steps are :</p>
<ul>
<li>The prepared slide is heat fixed for 2 hours.</li>
<li>The slide is then flooded with carbon fuschia.</li>
<li>The slide is then heated slowly to steam and maintain for 3-5 minutes at 60 degree Celsius.</li>
<li>After cooling the slide wash with water and decolorized with acid alcohol.</li>
<li>The slide is washed with methyl blue for 20-30 seconds.</li>
<li>The slide is the washed, blow dried and observed under a microscope.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>4.Albert stain:</strong></p>
<p>This staining technique is used for staining the volutin granules of diphtheria bacillus. With Albert stain, volutin granules are stained bluish-black against a green protoplasm</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
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Condition Monitoring of RE Network Components
Condition monitoring
Condition monitoring can be simply defined as the use of existing technologies to determine and analyze the current condition of any equipment and use the parameters obtained to predict its failure. It involves the monitoring of a parameter of an equipment and a significant change in the parameter can be interpreted as an indication of a developing failure.
A sudden failure of a machinery equipment can result in unplanned outages or unplanned downtime which can result in a significant financial loss to a company or a business venture. It also results in poor workmanship during repairs and increased overtime.
Some of the various advantages of condition monitoring are as follows.
- Condition monitoring allows us to regularly monitor the performance characteristics of an equipment. Thus, the maintenance and repair actions can be scheduled according to the situation demand.
- Condition monitoring aids us in the prediction and detection of an equipment's failure during its early stage. Thus, the necessary preventive and corrective actions can be taken to minimize the impact of the failure and the losses that it will result in. The risk of unscheduled downtime (the time during which the equipment or machinery is not working) is also reduced.
- Condition monitoring facilitates an efficient utilization and management of the repair and maintenance resources.
- Due to scheduled and efficient repair and maintenance actions, the repair workmanship is good and thus, the service life of the equipment is increased.
- The productivity of the machinery equipment is also increased thereby lowering the cost of production per unit and increasing the net profit of the company.
Risk assessment matrix
A risk assessment matrix can be used to determine the impact of a failure by analyzing the probability of a failure and the severity of the failure. The severity of the failure, in this case, means the degree of seriousness of the failure. It should not be confused with the impact of the failure.
A risk assessment matrix is shown in the diagram below. A failure with high severity and a high probability of occurrence has a seriously high damage or impact. Conversely, the degree of damage goes on decreasing if either or both of them decrease and it becomes negligible finally when the probability of occurrence is eliminated.
Condition monitoring of RE network components
A rural electrification network consists of many components which need to operate independently for the operation of the system as a whole. In order to ensure an improved reliability by minimizing the occurrence of faults, it is necessary to monitor the condition of these components regularly. An electrification system is capable of maintaining a continuous and rated supply of electric power only if its components operate smoothly.
A sample checklist for condition monitoring of transmission and distribution system in a rural electrification network is shown in the table below.
| SN | Equipment/Item | Component To Be Checked | Check Details | Interval of checking |
| 1 | Transmission line | Insulator | Insulator damage | 6 months |
| Conductor | sag condition | 6 months | ||
| Joints | Tightness of joints and sparks | 6 months | ||
| Foundation | Stability of the foundation | 6 months | ||
| Tower | Physical condition of the tower | 6 months | ||
| Trees | Clearance between trees and lines | 6 months | ||
| Guy wire | Physical condition of the guy wire | 6 months | ||
| 2 | Distribution line | Insulator | Insulator damage | 1 year |
| Conductor | Conductor sag condition | 1 year | ||
| Joints | Tightness of joints and sparks | 1 year | ||
| Foundation | Stability of the foundation | 1 year | ||
| Tower | Physical condition of the tower | 1 year | ||
| Trees | Clearance between trees and lines | 1 year | ||
| Guy wire | Physical condition of the guy wire | 1 year | ||
| 3 | Transformer and substation (33/11 KV and 33/0.4 KV) | Silica gel | Condition of silica gel | 4 months |
| Distribution board | Visual inspection of all components, connection, carbon and dust collection | 4 months | ||
| Cables | Visual inspection of mechanical damage, tightness of cable shoes | 4 months | ||
| Bushing | Visual inspection of cracks and cleanliness | 4 months | ||
| Condition of oil | Oil level and leakage | 4 months | ||
| Dielectric test of oil | ||||
| Isolator switch | Operation of switch, repair contactsif necessary | 1 year | ||
| DO fuse set | Connection between barrel and fuse holder | 1 year | ||
| Load recording | Loading of transformer, voltage, current and power factor | 1 year | ||
| Earthing | Earth resistance | 1 year | ||
| Lightning arrestor | Visual inspection and earth resistance | 1 year | ||
| Metering units (CTs, PTs and meters) | Visual inspection of connectioin and cleanliness | 1 month | ||
| Insulation resistance of CTs and PTs | 1 year | |||
| 4 | Transformer and substation (11/0.4 KV - 25 KVA) | Silica gel | Condition of silica gel | 6 months |
| Distribution board | Visual inspection of all components, connection, carbon and dust collection | 6 months | ||
| Condition of oil | Oil level and leakage | 6 months | ||
| Bushing | Visual inspection of cracks and cleanliness | 6 months | ||
| Cables | Visual inspection of mechanical damage, tightness of cable shoes | 6 months | ||
| Earthing | Earth resistance | 2 years | ||
| Isolator switch | Operation of switch, repair contacts if necessary | 1 year | ||
| Windings | Insulation resistance of LT and HT windings | 1 year | ||
| 5 | Transformer 11/0.4 KV (5 and 10 KVA) | HT fuse, MCB and cables | Visual inspection of all components, connection, carbon and dust collection | 6 months |
| Condition of oil | Oil level and leakage | 6 months | ||
| Bushing | Visual inspection of cracks and cleanliness | 6 months | ||
| Earthing | Earth resistance | 2 years |
In addition to these, testing and caliberation of all the metering and measuring devices should be done once in every 5 years. Surprise checking of industrial and domestic consumer transformer wise should also be done on a monthly basis.
References
- Virbrotech. (2016).What Are The Benefits Of Condition Monitoring.Retrieved fromhttp://www.vibrotech.co.uk/
Information from the handouts provided by my lecturer Mr. Gopal Joshi Subedi has also been used.
Lesson
RE Network Operation
Subject
Electrical Engineering
Grade
Engineering
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