Transformer Installation Point and Line Route Fixation
After fixing the load centers at appropriate places, the installation point of transformer should be determined. This note article describes the procedure for determining the installation point along with the process of line routing. a numerical example has also been given for the sake of easier understanding.
Summary
After fixing the load centers at appropriate places, the installation point of transformer should be determined. This note article describes the procedure for determining the installation point along with the process of line routing. a numerical example has also been given for the sake of easier understanding.
Things to Remember
- The installation point of the transformer is determined by using the formula as mentioned in the main article.
- The number of branches from the transformer must be limited to three.
- The lines must be as short as possible to reduce unnecessary voltage drops.
- A numerical problem asking the students to determine the installation point may be asked in exams.
MCQs
No MCQs found.
Subjective Questions
Q1:
Write short notes on Cephazolin.
Type: Short Difficulty: Easy
<li><strong>Cephazolin</strong></li>
</ol>
<p>Cefazolin is a cephalosporin antibiotic. It works by killing sensitive bacteria. The drug is usually administered by either injection into a muscle or into a vein</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Indications</strong>
<ul>
<li>Respiratory tract infections</li>
<li>Urinary tract infections</li>
<li>Skin infections</li>
<li>Biliary tract infections</li>
<li>Bone and joint infections</li>
<li>Genital infections</li>
<li>Blood infections (sepsis)</li>
<li>Endocarditis</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Preparation</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Powder for injection: 125mg, 250mg, 500mg, 1gm in vial</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Doses</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Adult: for mild infection: 250-500mg every eight hourly</li>
<li>Child: 25-50mg/kg in three to four divided doses</li>
<li>Adult: for moderate to severe: 0.5-1gm every 6-8 hourly</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Adverse effect</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Skin rash, itching, or hives</li>
<li>Breathing difficulties</li>
<li>Seizures</li>
<li>A sore throat or mouth</li>
<li>Dark-colored urine</li>
<li>Yellowing of the eyes or skin (jaundice)</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Nursing Management</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Inject into large muscle mass</li>
<li>For reconstitution, dissolve the medicine with sterile water or NaCl and shake well until dissolved.</li>
<li>Discard reconstituted medicine after 24 hours at room temperature and after 96 when refrigeration.</li>
</ul>
Q2:
Write short notes on Cefadroxil.
Type: Short Difficulty: Easy
<p>Cefadroxil is a first-generation cephalosporin antibacterial drug that is effective in Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial infections. It is a bactericidal antibiotic. It works by interfering with the bacteria's cell wall formation.</p>
<p><strong>Indications</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>strep throat, and tonsillitis</li>
<li>skin infection</li>
<li>urinary tract infections by E. coli</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Preparation</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Capsule: 50mg, 100mg anhydrous</li>
<li>Dispersible Tablet: 125mg, 250mg</li>
<li>Oral suspension: 125mg, 250mg</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Dose</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Adult: 1-2gm in single or two divided dose</li>
<li>Children over 6 yrs: 50mg two times a day</li>
<li>Children 1-6 yrs: 250mg two times a day</li>
<li>Children below 1 year: 30mg/kg body weight in two divided doses</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Adverse effect</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Diarrhea</li>
<li>nausea</li>
<li>stomach upset</li>
<li>vomiting</li>
<li>fever, chills, or a sore throat</li>
<li>joint pain</li>
<li>red, swollen, or blistered skin</li>
<li>seizures</li>
<li>stomach pain or cramps</li>
<li>unusual tiredness or weakness</li>
<li>yellowing of the skin or eyes.</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Nursing Management</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Well shaking of suspension before use.</li>
<li>Refrigeration of reconstituted suspension and discard after 14 days</li>
<li>The drug took at any time with or without food.</li>
</ul>
Videos
Classifications of cephalosporins
Transformer Installation Point and Line Route Fixation
Transformer installation point
After allocating the load centers properly and calculating the power demanded by each load center, the next step in the design process is to calculate the installation point of the transformer. The installation point of the distribution transformer is so selected that the transformer lies in the center of the total load demanded in the system.
The horizontal and the vertical coordinates of the installation point of the transformer are calculated by using the formulae mentioned below.
Horizontal coordinate (TX) =$${{\sum {(X\,coordinate\,of\,a\,load\,load\,center\,*\,Power\,demand} \,at\,the\,load\,center)} \over {\sum {(X\,coordinate\,of\,a\,load\,load\,center)\,} \,}}$$
Vertical coordinate (TY) =$${{\sum {(Y\,coordinate\,of\,a\,load\,load\,center\,\,*\,Power\,demand} \,at\,the\,load\,center)} \over {\sum {(Y\,coordinate\,of\,a\,load\,load\,center)\,} \,}}$$
The transformer is installed at the location (TX, TY). The students should note that the origin is taken as the lowermost corner of their section of design.
The installation point of a transformer is calculated in the numerical example shown below.
| SN | X coordinate | Y coordinate | No. of households | Power demand by each household (VA) | Total load at the load center (KVA) | X coordinate * Total load at the load center | Y coordinate * Total load at the load center |
| 1 | 0.7 | 2.7 | 5 | 300 | 1.5 | 1.05 | 4.05 |
| 2 | 1.2 | 3.2 | 10 | 300 | 3 | 3.6 | 9.6 |
| 3 | 1.3 | 2.8 | 10 | 300 | 3 | 3.9 | 8.4 |
| 4 | 1.3 | 2.3 | 15 | 300 | 4.5 | 5.85 | 10.35 |
| 5 | 1.8 | 2.6 | 10 | 300 | 3 | 5.4 | 7.8 |
| 6 | 2.3 | 1.5 | 10 | 300 | 3 | 6.9 | 4.5 |
| 7 | 2.8 | 1.7 | 20 | 300 | 6 | 16.8 | 10.2 |
| 8 | 2.4 | 1 | 15 | 300 | 4.5 | 10.8 | 4.5 |
| 9 | 2.6 | 0.8 | 5 | 300 | 1.5 | 3.9 | 1.2 |
| 10 | 2.9 | 0.9 | 10 | 300 | 3 | 8.7 | 2.7 |
| 11 | 3.5 | 4.2 | 5 | 300 | 1.5 | 5.25 | 6.3 |
| 12 | 3.6 | 3.7 | 10 | 300 | 3 | 10.8 | 11.1 |
| 13 | 4.1 | 3.3 | 5 | 300 | 1.5 | 6.15 | 4.95 |
| 14 | 4.2 | 2.9 | 10 | 300 | 3 | 12.6 | 8.7 |
| 15 | 3.9 | 2.4 | 15 | 300 | 4.5 | 17.55 | 10.8 |
| 16 | 5 | 4.3 | 10 | 300 | 3 | 15 | 12.9 |
| Sum total | 43.6 | 40.3 | 49.5 | 134.25 | 118.05 |
Thus, the transformer is installed at the location given by the formula mentioned previously.
Tx = 134.35/43.6 = 3.081
Ty= 118.05/40.3 = 2.92
The installation point of the transformer is shown by a black dot in the figure.
Line routing
After locating the installation point of the transformer, the next step is to route the distribution lines appropriately. The route must be as short as possible to reduce the voltage drop in the line. However, all the load centers must be connected to the distribution lines. Since the transformer is the central point of all the load centers, it becomes necessary to supply electricity to the load centers with distribution lines which branch out from the transformer. The students are advised to limit the number of main branches of the distribution lines to three. The main branches, in this case, refer to the distribution lines originating from the transformer.
An approximated line routing is done in the previous example which is shown in the diagram below.
The process of line routing is a hit and trial method and the students may not obtain a good result in their first attempt. However, with appropriate precautions and careful estimations, sufficiently satisfactory routes may be obtained. The routes of the distribution lines may differ per student as it depends on upon many factors such as the number of households estimated, the location of load centers, etc.
Lesson
Design of Rural Electrification Network
Subject
Electrical Engineering
Grade
Engineering
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