Load Point Fixation in Contour Map and load Calculation
As a part of the course in rural Electrification, the students are required to design an electrification system for any VDC of Nepal. This note article describes the procedure of fixation of load centers or load points and calculation of the power demand at each load.
Summary
As a part of the course in rural Electrification, the students are required to design an electrification system for any VDC of Nepal. This note article describes the procedure of fixation of load centers or load points and calculation of the power demand at each load.
Things to Remember
- The number of households in a load center is taken as an integer multiple of five for simplicity.
- The red dots on the map represent human settlements and a cluster of the red dots is taken as a load center.
- The power demand by each household is assumed to be 300 VA.
- The total power demand at a load center can be determined by multiplying the number of households by 300 VA.
MCQs
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Subjective Questions
Q1:
Write short notes on Benzyl Penicillin (Penicillin-G)
Type: Short Difficulty: Easy
<li>
<h4>Benzyl Penicillin (Penicillin-G)</h4>
</li>
</ol>
<p>Penicillin G is the prototype of the class and the most potent of all penicillins against susceptible gram-positive bacteria. It comes in powder for injection in vial in 300mg or 600mg or 5,00,000 units and 10,00,000 units.</p>
<p><strong>Indication</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Cellulitis</li>
<li>Infective endocarditis</li>
<li>Meningitis</li>
<li>Aspiration pneumonia, lung abscess</li>
<li>Community-acquired pneumonia</li>
<li>Syphilis</li>
<li>Septicemia in children</li>
<li>Septic Arthritis</li>
<li>Diphtheria</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Preparation</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Usually available in the form of vials and tablet.</li>
<li>Penicillin G infection 10 lac, 50 lac</li>
<li>Penicillin G potassium tablet 2 lac, 4 lac, 8 lac</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Usual dose</strong></p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Adult:</strong>4 – 4.8 gm per day in 4 divided dose I/M, slowI/V infusion</li>
<li><strong>Child:</strong> 100 mg/kg/day in 4 divided dose I/M or slow I/V</li>
<li><strong>Preterm neonate and neonate:</strong> 50mg/kg/day in 2 divided doses</li>
<li><strong>Neonate 1-4 weeks: </strong>75mg/kg in 3 divided doses</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Adverse effects</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Hypersensitivity reactions including urticaria, fever, joint pains, rashes, angioedema, anaphylaxis, serum sickness-like reaction.</li>
<li>Interstitial nephritis, hemolytic anemia, leucopenia, etc</li>
<li>Diarrhea after oral use</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Nursing Management</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Assess allergy history before drug administration.</li>
<li>Preliminary skin test.</li>
<li>Renal function should also be monitored.</li>
</ul>
Q2:
Write short notes on Benzyl Penicillin (Penicillin-G)
Type: Short Difficulty: Easy
<li>
<h4>Benzyl Penicillin (Penicillin-G)</h4>
</li>
</ol>
<p>Penicillin G is the prototype of the class and the most potent of all penicillins against susceptible gram-positive bacteria. It comes in powder for injection in vial in 300mg or 600mg or 5,00,000 units and 10,00,000 units.</p>
<p><strong>Indication</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Cellulitis</li>
<li>Infective endocarditis</li>
<li>Meningitis</li>
<li>Aspiration pneumonia, lung abscess</li>
<li>Community-acquired pneumonia</li>
<li>Syphilis</li>
<li>Septicemia in children</li>
<li>Septic Arthritis</li>
<li>Diphtheria</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Preparation</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Usually available in the form of vials and tablet.</li>
<li>Penicillin G infection 10 lac, 50 lac</li>
<li>Penicillin G potassium tablet 2 lac, 4 lac, 8 lac</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Usual dose</strong></p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Adult:</strong>4 – 4.8 gm per day in 4 divided dose I/M, slowI/V infusion</li>
<li><strong>Child:</strong> 100 mg/kg/day in 4 divided dose I/M or slow I/V</li>
<li><strong>Preterm neonate and neonate:</strong> 50mg/kg/day in 2 divided doses</li>
<li><strong>Neonate 1-4 weeks: </strong>75mg/kg in 3 divided doses</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Adverse effects</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Hypersensitivity reactions including urticaria, fever, joint pains, rashes, angioedema, anaphylaxis, serum sickness-like reaction.</li>
<li>Interstitial nephritis, hemolytic anemia, leucopenia, etc</li>
<li>Diarrhea after oral use</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Nursing Management</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Assess allergy history before drug administration.</li>
<li>Preliminary skin test.</li>
<li>Renal function should also be monitored.</li>
</ul>
Q3:
Write short notes on Benzathine Penicillin (Penidura)
Type: Short Difficulty: Easy
<p>This penicillin is known as a long-acting natural penicillin antibiotic. It works by stopping the growth of bacteria. This medication is given by injection into a large muscle as directed by your doctor.</p>
<p><strong>Indication</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Streptococcal and post streptococcal infection.</li>
<li>Strep Throat and Tonsillitis.</li>
<li>Syphilis</li>
<li>Bacterial Skin Infection</li>
<li>Rheumatic Fever</li>
<li>Tetanus</li>
<li>Diptheria</li>
<li>Rheumatic arthritis</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Dose</strong></p>
<ul>
<li><strong>For streptococcal infection</strong>: 12 lac I/M single dose</li>
<li>Prophylactic of rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease:</li>
</ul>
<p>12 lac I/M every 3 weekly</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Syphilis</strong>: Single dose 24 lac I/M in two sites ( If more than one-year duration; 24 lac weekly for 3 weeks.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Nursing Management</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Preliminary skin test.</li>
<li>Injection should be given deep I/M in large gluteal muscle.</li>
<li>Careful and quick injection.</li>
<li>Have emergency equipment nearby to manage possible anaphylaxis</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
Q4:
Write short notes on Amoxicillin.
Type: Short Difficulty: Easy
<p>Amoxycillin is similar to ampicillin but it is better absorbed from the GI-tract.</p>
<p><strong>Indication:</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Sinusitis</li>
<li>Ottis media</li>
<li>Bronchitis</li>
<li>Pneumonia</li>
<li>Gonorrhea</li>
<li>Typhoid fever</li>
<li>Prophylaxis for endocarditis</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Preparation</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Capsules: 250mg, 500mg</li>
<li>Amoxycillin DT/Kid tab: 125mg, 250mg</li>
<li>Amoxycillin drops Each ml containing 100mg</li>
<li>Dry syrup: Amoxycillin 125mg+ Cloxacillin 125mg</li>
<li>Suspension: 125mg/5ml, 250mg/5ml</li>
<li>Injection: Amoxycillin as sodium salt; 250mg, 500mg, 1gm</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Dose</strong></p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Adult: </strong>250mg-500mg oral 8 hourly,</li>
</ul>
<p>500mg I/V 8hourly for severe infection</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>For child up to 12 years: </strong>20-40mg/kg/day orally in 3 divided doses</li>
</ul>
<p>50-100mg/kg/day I/M or I/V in divided doses</p>
<p><strong>Adverse effect</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Diarrhea</li>
<li>Dizziness</li>
<li>Heartburn</li>
<li>Insomnia</li>
<li>Nausea</li>
<li>Itching</li>
<li>Vomiting</li>
<li>Confusion</li>
<li>Abdominal pain</li>
<li>Easy bruising</li>
<li>Bleeding</li>
<li>Rash and allergic reactions.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Nursing Management</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>The reconstituted suspension remains stable for 1 week at room temperature and 2 weeks at 2-8°C.</li>
<li>Pediatric drops are placed on children tongue for swallowing.</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
Q5:
Write short notes on Ampicillin.
Type: Short Difficulty: Easy
<p>Ampicillin is a broad spectrum antibiotic. It works by killing sensitive bacteria by interfering with the formation of the bacteria's cell wall while it is growing. This weakens the cell wall and it ruptures, resulting in the death of the bacteria.</p>
<p><strong>Indication</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Ear infections,</li>
<li>Bladder infections,</li>
<li>Pneumonia,</li>
<li>Gonorrhea,</li>
<li>Coli or salmonella infection.</li>
<li>Respiratory tract infection</li>
<li>Typhoid fever</li>
<li>Meningitis, H-influenza</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Preparation</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Capsules: Ampicillin 250mg, 500mg</li>
<li>Dispersible tablet: Ampicillin 125mg</li>
<li>Drops: Ampicillin 100mg/ml</li>
<li>Injection: Ampicillin 100mg, 250mg, 500mg</li>
<li>Oral suspension: 125mg/ml, 250mg/5ml</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Dose</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Adult: 250-1000mg oral at least 30 min before food, I/M 6 hourly</li>
<li>For meningitis: Combination with other antibiotics</li>
<li>Adult: 2gm IV every 4 hrs for 10-14 days</li>
<li>Child: 100-200mg/kg/day</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Adverse effect</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Fever, sore throat, and headache with a severe blistering peeling, and red skin rash;</li>
<li>Diarrhea that is watery or bloody;</li>
<li>Fever, chills, body aches, flu symptoms;</li>
<li>Easy bruising or bleeding, unusual weakness;</li>
<li>Urinating less than usual or not at all;</li>
<li>Agitation, confusion, unusual thoughts or behavior;</li>
<li>Peri-oral edema</li>
<li>Nausea, vomiting, stomach pain</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Nursing Management</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Past history of allergy to ampicillin.</li>
<li>Oral doses are best taken at least 1 hour before or 2 hours after taking clear liquids.</li>
<li>Store oral solution in a freeze. Also, label it with the date indicating when the water was added to the powder to make it liquid.</li>
<li>The injection is stable for 1-2 hours after reconstitution.</li>
<li>Give I/V intermittently to prevent vein irritation.</li>
</ul>
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Different penicillin drugs
Load Point Fixation in Contour Map and load Calculation
Load point fixation in contour map and load calculation
As a part of the course in rural electrification, the students are required to design a distribution system in any VDC of Nepal. The design is done on a contour map which is easily available from map shops such as "Maps of Nepal", located near Buddhanagar, New Baneshwor, Kathmandu. The students should get a map of appropriate scale (preferably on the scale of 1:25,000) and the design is done for any VDC within the map. It should be noted that the VDC should be located in rural areas as much as possible and the students are encouraged to design an electrification process for a VDC that presents as much challenge as possible.
A portion of a contour map is shown in the diagram below.
The map shows some rural areas around Pokhara, Kaski. The red points or dots as seen on the map represent human settlements. The density of human settlements is directly proportional to the number of dots. After choosing an appropriate portion, the students should mark each cluster of red dots with an appropriate symbol along with numbers. The students should note that for a map of scale 1:25,000, 4 centimeters in the map represents a distance of 1 kilometer.
The symbols represent a load center in the distribution system. For easier calculation, the students are allowed to approximate the number of households in each load center as an integer multiple of five. If there are a higher number of red dots on the map, the load center assigned may have 15 or 20 or 25 number of households. Similarly, if there are few red dots, the load center may have 5 or 10 number of households. The process of load center assigning must be done thoroughly and the students must take care that every cluster of red dots is marked with a symbol and a number.
A sample of distribution of load centers is given in the diagram below.
After assigning each load center with its respective serial number, the total power demanded by each load center can be calculated. For the calculation of the total load demanded, a common approach is to assign each household with a power demand of 300 VA. So the total power demanded by each load center is calculated by multiplying the number of households in each load center by 300 VA. The students should note that the lowermost left corner is set as the origin and the coordinates of the load centers are measured accordingly.
The calculation of load at each load center for the diagram given above is shown in the table given below.
| SN | X coordinate | Y coordinate | No. of households | Power demand by each household (VA) | Total load at the load center (KVA) |
| 1 | 0.7 | 2.7 | 5 | 300 | 1.5 |
| 2 | 1.2 | 3.2 | 10 | 300 | 3 |
| 3 | 1.3 | 2.8 | 10 | 300 | 3 |
| 4 | 1.3 | 2.3 | 15 | 300 | 4.5 |
| 5 | 1.8 | 2.6 | 10 | 300 | 3 |
| 6 | 2.3 | 1.5 | 10 | 300 | 3 |
| 7 | 2.8 | 1.7 | 20 | 300 | 6 |
| 8 | 2.4 | 1 | 15 | 300 | 4.5 |
| 9 | 2.6 | 0.8 | 5 | 300 | 1.5 |
| 10 | 2.9 | 0.9 | 10 | 300 | 3 |
| 11 | 3.5 | 4.2 | 5 | 300 | 1.5 |
| 12 | 3.6 | 3.7 | 10 | 300 | 3 |
| 13 | 4.1 | 3.3 | 5 | 300 | 1.5 |
| 14 | 4.2 | 2.9 | 10 | 300 | 3 |
| 15 | 3.9 | 2.4 | 15 | 300 | 4.5 |
| 16 | 5 | 4.3 | 10 | 300 | 3 |
| Total load in the system | 49.5 | ||||
Lesson
Design of Rural Electrification Network
Subject
Electrical Engineering
Grade
Engineering
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