Instrumentation Amplifier
An instrumentation amplifier is a differential op-amp circuit providing high input impedances with ease of gain adjustment through the variation of a single resistor.Instrumentation amplifiers are used where great accuracy and stability of the circuit both short and long-term are required.
Summary
An instrumentation amplifier is a differential op-amp circuit providing high input impedances with ease of gain adjustment through the variation of a single resistor.Instrumentation amplifiers are used where great accuracy and stability of the circuit both short and long-term are required.
Things to Remember
- An instrumentation amplifier is a differential op-amp circuit providing high input impedances with ease of gain adjustment through the variation of a single resistor.
- It has very low DC offset, low drift, low noise, very high open-loop gain, very high common-mode rejection ratio, and very high input impedances.
- They are used where great accuracy and stability of the circuit both short and long-term are required.
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Subjective Questions
Q1:
Write a short note on Glibenclamide.
Type: Short Difficulty: Easy
<p>It is used in the treatment of adult diabetes mellitus, in conjunction with a diabetes diet in low in fats and carbohydrates. It is the second generation anti-diabetes drug which is 10 to 100 times potent than the earlier ones i.e. chlorpropamide.</p>
<p><strong>Mechanisms of actions</strong></p>
<p>The mechanism of action of sulfonylureas is to enhance secretion of insulin from B cells of the pancreas.</p>
<ol>
<li>A release of insulin from pancreatic B cells.</li>
<li>Reduce serum glucagon levels</li>
<li>Potentiation of insulin action on target receptors cells or tissues.</li>
</ol>
<p><strong>Indications</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Adjust to diet to lower blood glucose level in a patient with type II diabetes.</li>
<li>To replace insulin therapy</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Dose</strong></p>
<p>Adult: 2.5mg-15mg OD in divided doses</p>
<p><strong>Contraindications</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Type I diabetes</li>
<li>Hepatic/renal failure</li>
<li>Pregnancy</li>
<li>Breast-feeding</li>
<li>Ketoacidosis</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Nursing implications</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Make sure that all blood glucose tests are carried out. It is especially important to monitor glucose level is patients transferred from insulin to oral hypoglycemic agent.</li>
<li>Use cautiously in patients with hepatic and renal impairment.</li>
<li>Note for signs of hypoglycemia and other adverse effects. Elderly people may be more sensitive to adverse effects.</li>
<li>Monitor patient for hypoglycemia in periods of stress, fever, surgery, or infection.</li>
<li>Teach patients to carry the sugar containing products at all times. Similarly, patients are advised to keep medical identification identifying themselves as diabetics.</li>
<li>Patients are suggested not to take any over the counter drugs without doctors/pharmacists suggestions.</li>
<li>Patients are advised not to skip the drugs and strictly comply with the dosage regimen.</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
Videos
Pharmacogenomics Of Glibenclamide and G6PD
Instrumentation Amplifier
Instrumentation Amplifier:
An instrumentation amplifier is a differential op-amp circuit providing high input impedances with ease of gain adjustment through the variation of a single resistor.An instrumentation(instrumentational)amplifier is a type of differential amplifier hat has been outfitted with input buffer amplifiers, which eliminate the need for input impedance matching and thus make the amplifier particularly suitable for use in measurement and test equipment. Additional characteristics include very low DC offset, low drift, low noise, very high open-loop gain, very high common-mode rejection ratio, and very high input impedances. Instrumentation amplifiers are used where great accuracy and stability of the circuit both short and long-term are required.
Although the instrumentation amplifier is usually shown schematically identical to a standard operational amplifier(op-amp), the electronic instrumentation amp is almost always internally composed of 3 op-amps. These are arranged so that there is one op-amp to buffer each input (+,−), and one to produce the desired output with adequate impedance matching for the function.
The most commonly used instrumentation amplifier circuit is shown in the figure. The gain of the circuit is,
The rightmost amplifier, along with the resistors labelledR2and R3 just the standard differential amplifier circuit, with gain =and differential input resistance = 2 R2.The two amplifiers on the left are the buffers. WithRgainremoved (open circuited), they are simple unity gain buffers; the circuit will work in that state, with gain simply equal to R3/R2. and high input impedance because of the buffers. The buffer gain could be increased by putting resistors between the buffer inverting inputs and ground to shunt away some of the negative feedback; however, the single resistor between the two inverting inputs is a much more elegant method: it increases the differential-mode gain of the buffer pair while leaving the common-mode gain equal to 1. This increases the common-mode rejection ratio(CMRR) of the circuit and also enables the buffers to handle much larger common-mode signals without clipping than would be the case if they were separate and had the same gain. Another benefit of the method is that it boosts the gain using a single resistor rather than a pair, thus avoiding a resistor matching problem, and very conveniently allowing the gain of the circuit to be changed by changing the value of a single resistor. A set of switch-selectable resistors or even a potentiometer can be used for Rgain providing easy changes to the gain of the circuit, without the complexity of having to switch matched pairs of resistors.The ideal common-mode gain of an instrumentation amplifier is zero. In the circuit shown, the common-mode gain is caused by a mismatch in the resistor ratiosR2/R3and by the mismatch in common mode gains of the two input op-amps. Obtaining very closely matched resistors is a significant difficulty in fabricating these circuits, as is optimizing the common mode performance.
Reference
2.R.F. Coughlin, F.F. Driscoll(1982)Operational Amplifiers and Linear Integrated Circuits (2nd Ed)
Lesson
Electrical Signal Conditioning,Processing and Transmission
Subject
Electrical Engineering
Grade
Engineering
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