Answer: <p>Dementia is not a specific disease. It's an overall term that describes a wide range of symptoms associated with a decline in memory or other thinking skills severe enough to reduce a person's ability to perform everyday activities. Alzheimer's disease accounts for 60 to 80 percent of cases. Vascular dementia, which occurs after a stroke, is the second most common dementia type.</p>

Answer: <ul>
<li>Vascular dementia - this results from brain cell death caused by conditions such as cerebrovascular disease, for example, stroke. This prevents normal blood flow, depriving brain cells of oxygen.</li>
<li>Injury - post-traumatic dementia is directly related to brain cell death caused by injury.</li>
<li>Prion diseases - from certain types of protein, as in CJD (Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease) and GSS (Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome).</li>
<li>HIV infection - when the problem is simply termed HIV-associated dementia. How the virus damages brain cells is not certain.</li>
<li>Reversible factors - some dementias can be treated by reversing the effects of underlying causes, including medication interactions, depression, vitamin deficiencies (for example, thiamine/B1, leading to Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, which is most often caused by alcohol misuse), and thyroid abnormalities.</li>
</ul>
<p>&nbsp;</p>

Answer: <ul>
<li>Stage 1: CDR-0 or No Impairment</li>
</ul>
<p>Stage one of the CDR represents no impairment in a person&rsquo;s abilities. If your loved one gets a score of 0, they have no significant memory problems, are fully oriented in time and place, have normal judgment, can function out in the world, have a well-maintained home life, and are fully able to take care of their personal needs.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<ul>
<li>Stage 2: CDR-0.5 or Questionable Impairment</li>
</ul>
<p>A score of 0.5 on the CDR scale represents very slight impairments. Your loved one may have minor memory inconsistencies. They might struggle to solve challenging problems and have trouble with timing. Additionally, they may be slipping at work or when engaging in social activities. At this stage, however, they can still manage their own personal care without any help.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<ul>
<li>Stage 3: CDR-1 or Mild Impairment</li>
</ul>
<p>With a score of 1, your loved one is noticeably impaired in each area, but the changes are still mild. Short-term memory is suffering and disrupts some aspects of their day. They are starting to become disoriented geographically and may have trouble with directions and getting from one place to another.</p>
<p>They may start to have trouble functioning independently at events and activities outside the home. At home, chores may start to get neglected, and someone may need to remind them when it is time to take care of personal hygiene.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<ul>
<li>Stage 4: CDR-2 or Moderate Impairment</li>
</ul>
<p>A score of 2 means that your elderly relative is moderately impaired. They now need help taking care of hygiene. Although well enough to go out to social activities or to do chores, they need to be accompanied.</p>
<p>At this stage there is more disorientation when it comes to time and space. They get lost easily and struggle to understand time relationships. Short-term memory is seriously impaired and it is difficult to remember anything new, including people they just met.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<ul>
<li>Stage 5: CDR-3 or Severe Impairment</li>
</ul>
<p>The fifth stage of dementia is the most severe. At this point your loved one cannot function at all without help. They have experienced extreme memory loss. Additionally, they have no understanding of orientation in time or geography. It is almost impossible to go out and engage in everyday activities, even with assistance. Function in the home is completely gone and help is required for attending to personal needs.</p>

Answer: <p>Treatment</p>
<ul>
<li>Provide supportive medical, psychological and nursing care.</li>
<li>Emotional supports for the patients and families.</li>
<li>Pharmacological treatment for specific symptoms,</li>
<li>Benzodiazepine</li>
<li>Antidepressants</li>
<li>Antipsychotic</li>
</ul>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Nursing management</p>
<ul>
<li>Give an opportunity for patients to know their personal belongings such as beds, cupboards, clothes etc..</li>
<li>Give the opportunity for patients to know the time by using a large clock, a calendar that has a large sheet of paper per day with.</li>
<li>Give the opportunity for patients to mention his name and closest family members</li>
<li>Give the opportunity for clients to know where it is located.</li>
<li>Give praise if the patient when the patient can answer correctly.</li>
<li>Observation of the patient's ability to perform daily activities</li>
<li>Give the opportunity for patients to choose the activities that can be done.</li>
<li>Help the patient to perform activities that have been chosen</li>
<li>Give praise if the patient can perform activities.</li>
<li>Ask if the patient feel able to perform its activities.</li>
<li>With patients to schedule their daily activities.</li>
<li>Discussions with family oriented ways of time, people and places on the patient.</li>
<li>Encourage families to provide a large clock, a calendar with a big sign.</li>
<li>Encourage families to help patients perform activities according to capabilities.</li>
<li>Encourage the family to give a compliment if the patient carried out in accordance with the schedule of activities that have been made.</li>
</ul>