Objective and Evolution
The objective of a database is to provide efficient mass storage, update and retrieval of relevant data. It should be reliable, adaptable and scalable. It should be able to make the modifications to the database. it should be easy and convenient. The history of database has been changed over the years and has made the jobs much easier. The database system has been evolved from flat file database to hierarchical database system to network database system to relational database system.
Summary
The objective of a database is to provide efficient mass storage, update and retrieval of relevant data. It should be reliable, adaptable and scalable. It should be able to make the modifications to the database. it should be easy and convenient. The history of database has been changed over the years and has made the jobs much easier. The database system has been evolved from flat file database to hierarchical database system to network database system to relational database system.
Things to Remember
- A database should provide for efficient mass storage, update and retrieval of relevant data and should be reliable such that the stored data should have high integrity and should promote user trust in that data,
- A database should be adaptable and scalable to new and unforeseen requirements and applications and should be able to identify the existence of common data and avoid duplicate recording, Make the latest modifications to the database available immediately,
- A database should be easy and conveThnient in a way that it makes access to the data easy for the users and it should be able to provide immediate response to user requests for data, Eliminate redundant data.
- The history of the database systems has been changed over the years. No doubt, the technology is still evolving and many new things have come to known with which the database management system is also improving with every bit of time.
- The evolution of database management system started from flat file management system, hierarchical database system, network database system and relational database system
MCQs
No MCQs found.
Subjective Questions
Q1:
Define bronchitis .
Type: Very_short Difficulty: Easy
Q2:
What are the types of bronchitis?
Type: Long Difficulty: Easy
<ol>
<li>Acute bronchitis</li>
<li>Chronic bronchitis</li>
</ol>
<p><strong> <em>Acute bronchitis</em></strong></p>
<p>Acute bronchitis is an acute inflammation of bronchi, most often secondary to respiratory tract infection (influenza) .it is one of the most common illnesses affecting preschool and school age children. It occurs more often in male child and more frequent during a winter season.</p>
<p><strong>Causes</strong>:</p>
<ul>
<li>Virus: common virus is Respiratory syncytial virus, rhino virus, influenza virus, measles virus.</li>
<li>Other irritation fumes like tobacco, smoke, dust or pollutes the air.</li>
<li>Bacteria: streptococci, pneumonia, H.influenza, staphylococcal </li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Treatment</strong>:</p>
<ul>
<li>Advice for drinking of plenty of hot fluids, adequate rest, avoid smoking, increasing moisture in the air with a cool moist humidifier and taking acetaminophen for pain and malaise.</li>
<li>Cough suppressant if a cough is a dry and no sputum.</li>
<li>Administer antibiotics if a secondary bacterial infection is present : antibiotics-Amoxicillin</li>
<li>Bronchial dilators with inhaler if a cough is persistent.</li>
<li>Smoking cessation/avoid from passive smoking. </li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<p><strong><em>Chronic bronchitis</em></strong></p>
<p>Chronic bronchitis is defined as a persistent cough that produces sputum and mucus, for at least 3 months in 2 consecutive years. It is a sign of serious lung diseases that may be slowed down but cannot be cured.</p>
<p><strong>Clinical presentation:</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Expectorating cough</li>
<li>Shortness of breath</li>
<li>Wheezing</li>
<li>Chest pain</li>
<li>Fever</li>
<li>fatigue</li>
<li>Malaise</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Treatment</strong>:</p>
<ol>
<li>Administration of antibiotic such as amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, cephalosporin, and quinolones.</li>
<li>Bronchodilators</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>Corticosteroids</li>
</ul>
<ol>
<li>Smoking cessation.</li>
</ol>
Q3:
Explain the nursing management and prevention of bronchitis ?
Type: Long Difficulty: Easy
<ol>
<li>Provide bed rest.</li>
<li>Plenty of hot drinks.</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>Encourage for continue breastfeeding if a child is very young.</li>
</ul>
<ol>
<li>Avoid exposure to the cold, foggy and dusty environment.</li>
<li>Proper management of a cough.</li>
<li>Administer medicine as prescribed.</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>Give health education to parents on:</li>
<li>Prevention of recurrent attack of cold and cough</li>
<li>Nutritional care of children at home</li>
<li>About risk factors</li>
<li>Immunization</li>
<li>Maintain general hygiene</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Prevention</strong>:</p>
<ul>
<li>Adequate nutrition and rest during cold and flu</li>
<li>Proper hand washing</li>
<li>Avoiding chemical and environmental irritants</li>
<li>Immunization</li>
<li>Stop smoking</li>
<li>Give vitamin A, C , E</li>
<li>Avoid dairy products</li>
<li>Avoid sugar and eggs as they may increase the tendency to form mucus in lungs.</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
Videos
Bronchitis in Childen
How to Treat Bronchitis in Children
Objective and Evolution
OBJECTIVES
A good database will surely have the following objectives:
(i) A database should provide for efficient mass storage, update, and retrieval of relevant data,
(ii) A database should be reliable such that the stored data should have high integrity and should promote user trust in that data,
(iii) A database should be adaptable and scalable to new and unforeseen requirements and applications,
(iv) A database should be able to identify the existence of common data and avoid duplicate recording, Make the latest modifications to the database available immediately,
(v) A database should be easy and conveThnient in a way that it makes access to the data easy for the users and it should be able to provide immediate response to user requests for data, Eliminate redundant data,
(vi) A database should be able to display the latest modifications that have been made immediately. It should also allow for multiple users to be active at one time,
(vii) It should allow for growth and development in the database system,
(viii) It should be capable of protecting the data from physical harm and unauthorised access.
HISTORY OF DATABASE SYSTEMS
As per the record, the history of the database systems has been changed like this over the years. No doubt, the technology is still evolving and many new things have come to known with which the database management system is also improving with every bit of time.
In the 1950s and early 1960s, data processing was performed using magnetic tapes for storage. Magnetic tape data storage is a process of storing digital information on magnetic tape using digital recording and these tapes were enabled to provide only sequential access.
In the late 1960s and 1970s, hard disks were used for the allowance of direct access to data. Network and hierarchial data models were widespread in use. At the same period of time, Edgar F.("Ted") Codd defined the relational data model who later won ACM Turing award for this work.
Later on, IBM research began System R prototype while System R refers to the database management system which provides a high-level relational data interface.
UC Berkeley began Ingres prototype. Ingres database is an open-source SQL relational database management system which was intented to support large commercial and governmental applications.
These all inventions and discoveries deliverd high-performance transaction processing of the era.
In the 1980s, research relational prototype evolved into commercial systems and SQL became industrial standard since then. Parallel and distributed database systems were introduced and Object-oriented database systems were developed.
In 1990s, large decision support and data-mining applications were developed. Large multi-terabyte data warehouses were created and an emergence of web commerce took place.
In Early 2000s, XML and XQUERY standards were developed. Automated database administration was established.
In later 2000s, Giant data storage systems started to come into existence such as Google BigTable, Yahoo PNuts, Amazon
EVOLUTION
Flat File Database
This is probably the easiest one to understand but it is rarely used at present. We can simply understand this as a single huge table. Such type of datasets was used back in the 1990s, when data were only used to retrieve information while concerned. As it is only a huge table, it would take a lot of time to search for the record or a data. Not only that, it had other drawbacks as well like the modification and updates of the data cannot be handled easily, even sorting the data would take so long time. That's why the hierarchial database was developed.
Hierarchical Database System
The drawbacks of retrieving records and sorting records which took a long time were covered by the introduction of the parent-child relationship between records in the database. A hierarchical database is a database that uses a one-to-many relationship for data elements. Hierarchical database models use a tree structure where the origin of the data is called the root from which several branches have data at different levels and the last level is called the leaf. The main drawback in this was if any modification or addition has to be made to the structure then the whole structure needed alteration which takes quite a long time.
Network Database System
This database system applies the concept of many-many rellationships. In this type of database,multiple members of records or files can be linked to multiple owner files and vice versa. The model of the network database system can be viewed as an upside-down tree where each member information is the branch linked to the owner, which is the bottom of the tree. Essentially, relationships are in a net-like form where a single element can point to multiple data elements and can itself be pointed to by multiple data elements.
Relational Database System
In order to overcome all the drawbacks of the existing systems, the Relational Database System was introduced. Relational database system organizes the data-items as a set of formally-described tables which allows data to be accessed and reassembled in many different ways without having to reorganize the database tables.Here each record forms a row with many fields or attributes in it. Relationships between tables are also formed in this system.
References:
- H.F.Korth and A. Silberschatz,"Database system concepts",McGraw Hill,2010
- A.K.Majumdar and p, Bhattacharaya,"Database Management Systems",Tata McGraw Hill,India,2004
- F.Korth, Henry. Database System Concepts. 6th edition.
Lesson
Introduction
Subject
Computer Engineering
Grade
Engineering
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