Answer: <p>Through his rich experience, Fayol provided 14 principles of general management to guide the managers who in his time didn&rsquo;t use a scientific approach of management. His theory is based on how the management should interact with the employees. Fayol&rsquo;s theory provided a broad and analytical framework of the process of administration which overcame the drawback of Taylor&rsquo;s management theory.Henri Fayol (1841-1925) was a French mining engineer, managing director and an industrialist who is known for his contribution towards management science in his work &rdquo;Administration Industrielle et Generale" in the year 1916 A.D. The book was later translated as &ldquo;General and Industrial Management&rdquo; in the year 1929 A.D.</p>
<p>According to Administrative theory of Management, the five basic elements of management are:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Planning:</strong> Planning is deciding in advance about the alternatives among others to perform different managerial&nbsp;operations in order to achieve predetermined goal. Fayol considers planning as most essential function.<br /><br /></li>
<li><strong>Organizing:&nbsp;</strong>Organizing is a grouping of activities necessary to attain enterprise objectives and the assignment of each grouping to a manager with the authority necessary to supervise it.<br /><br /></li>
<li><strong>Commanding:</strong> The process of giving direction and orders by the superior to the subordinate is known as commanding.<br /><br /></li>
<li><strong>Coordinating:</strong> There are various divisions in an organization.&nbsp;Coordination is the orderly arrangement of the group effort, to provide of the unit of action in the pursuit of common purpose.<br /><br /></li>
<li><strong>Controlling:</strong> Controlling&nbsp;is the process of measuring actual performance and comparing with standards, identifying and analyzing deviations, if any, and taking corrective action to meet the standards.</li>
</ul>
<p>&nbsp;</p>

Answer: <p>Fayol has identified six major activities in which industrial activities can be divided. They are:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Technical activities:</strong> The technical activities are the activity which is related to the production or manufacturing of goods and services.<br /><br /></li>
<li><strong>Commercial activities:</strong> The commercial activities is concerned with the marketing dealing with sales, purchase, and distribution of goods and services.<br /><br /></li>
<li><strong>Financial activities:</strong> The financial activities are the activity which is related to the creation of necessary capital and its optimum use for development and growth.<br /><br /></li>
<li><strong>Accounting activities:</strong> The accounting activities &nbsp;records all the transactions of the organization and then preparing the financial statements.<br /><br /></li>
<li><strong>Managerial activities:</strong> The managerial activities is the activity which&nbsp;is considered with the elements of management which are planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating and controlling.<br /><br /></li>
<li><strong>Security activities:</strong> The security activities involves the activity related to the protection of people and property in an organization by providing safe working condition, insurance policies etc.</li>
</ul>
<p>The six managerial skills are:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Physical qualities:</strong> The physical&nbsp;qualities includes the good health, well-maintained dress and outlook and high energy level of the manager.<br /><br /></li>
<li><strong>Mental qualities:</strong>&nbsp;The manager must be able to learn and understand, judge and adapt to the problems and should have the mental energy to focus.<br /><br /></li>
<li><strong>Educational qualities:</strong>&nbsp;The manager must&nbsp;have a general understanding of the subject matter of the basic functioning of the organization to be a good manager.<br /><br /></li>
<li><strong>Moral qualities:</strong>&nbsp;A manager must have high energy level, willingness to take responsibilities, loyal to action, tactful and feeling of dignity.<br /><br /></li>
<li><strong>Technical qualities:</strong>&nbsp;The manager must have technical knowledge regarding what the procedures are to carry out the action in an organization.<br /><br /></li>
<li><strong>Experience:</strong> Experience comes with years of practice of an action. So a good manager needs years of experience to work smoothly and efficiently.</li>
</ul>

Answer: <p>The managerial skills and qualities to be a good manager are:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Physical qualities:</strong> The physical&nbsp;qualities includes the good health, well-maintained dress and outlook and high energy level of the manager.<br /><br /></li>
<li><strong>Mental qualities:</strong>&nbsp;The manager must be able to learn and understand, judge and adapt to the problems and should have the mental energy to focus.<br /><br /></li>
<li><strong>Educational qualities:</strong>&nbsp;The manager must&nbsp;have a general understanding of the subject matter of the basic functioning of the organization to be a good manager.<br /><br /></li>
<li><strong>Moral qualities:</strong>&nbsp;A manager must have high energy level, willingness to take responsibilities, loyal to action, tactful and feeling of dignity.<br /><br /></li>
<li><strong>Technical qualities:</strong>&nbsp;The manager must have technical knowledge regarding what the procedures are to carry out the action in an organization.<br /><br /></li>
<li><strong>Experience:</strong> Experience comes with years of practice of an action. So a good manager needs years of experience to work smoothly and efficiently.</li>
</ul>

Answer: <p>Henry Fayol was one of the most influential contributors to modern concepts of management. The 14 principles of management given by H.&nbsp;Fayol&nbsp;are particularly focused on the five management function of an organization. These are the basic guidelines to a management of the organization as a whole.</p>
<p>Even though the principles were not created on a basis of experiments, they were created by the experience of Henri Fayol. These principles are universal and can be applied in any organization in any part of the world.</p>
<p>According to him, there are 14 principles of management which are discussed below:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Division of work:</strong> <br />The principle is same as Adam Smith&rsquo;s division of labor. Even though the principles were not created on a basis of experiments, they were created by the experience of Henri Fayol. These principles are universal and can be applied in any organization in any part of the world. It helps the worker to be specialized in that particular work which increases his efficiency.<br /><br /></li>
<li><strong>Authority and responsibility:</strong> <br />Authority is the right to give the command and make decisions. Responsibility is the obligation of an employee to perform a certain designated task and be accountable to the supervisor.&nbsp;Fayol stressed on the parity of authority and responsibility for every individual. Authority without responsibility will lead to waste of position and lack of utilization of power and responsibility without power will lead to poor utilization of human and another resource.<br /><br /></li>
<li><strong>Discipline:<br /></strong> Employees must obey and respect the rules that govern the organization. Clarity of Rules, Reward-Punishment system, good supervision etc. are some ways to maintain discipline. But it depends on the need and policies of the organization on how to maintain discipline.<br /><br /></li>
<li><strong>Unity of Command:</strong><br />An employee must get orders from only one immediate supervisor. And the employee should be accountable to the immediate supervisor only. There should not be other supervisors to guide the employee. This will help to clear the confusion and will make the employee loyal to the activity.<br /><br /></li>
<li><strong>Unity of Direction:</strong><br />According to Fayol,&rdquo;there should be one head and one plan for a group o activities having the same objectives.&rdquo; This principle suggests that one department, section, division and , not should only get instruction from one head. This helps in coordinating the group activity to attain a single goal.<br /><br /></li>
<li><strong>Subordination of individual interest to general interest:</strong><br />In an organization, the general interest is more important than the individual interest. &nbsp;So this principle suggests that there must be harmony between these two interests. Organizational interest must be given more priority as good for the organization will bring rewards for the individuals. The common interest of organization should be practiced.<br /><br /></li>
<li><strong>Remuneration:</strong><br />Workers must be paid a fair wage for their services. Fayol focuses more on non-monetary remuneration in which he believes will create bonding between the employee and the organization. So the remuneration must be fair, reasonable and satisfactory.</li>
<li><strong>Centralization:</strong><br />Centralization refers to the degree to which subordinates are involved in decision making. This principle implies that the top most level of authority should be centralized to the top level management.<br /><br /></li>
<li><strong>Scalar chain:</strong><br />There should be a chain of superiors ranging from the top level of management to the lower level management based on the hierarchy level.Communication should follow the chain. &nbsp;However,&nbsp;there is no hard and fast rule regarding the process of communication through&nbsp;scalar chain.<br /><br /></li>
<li><strong>Order:</strong><br />Order implies proper arrangement of materials and people which should be in the right place at the right place. The right in the right job is essential in the smooth&nbsp;running of an organization. So Management must identify tasks and put them in proper order with the limited human and other resources.<br /><br /></li>
<li><strong>Equity:</strong><br />Equity is the combination of kindness and justice. This principle&nbsp;implies that all the members of the organization should be treated equally. There should be no biasedness and there should be an environment of kindness and justice.<br /><br /></li>
<li><strong>Stability of tenure of personnel:</strong><br />Tenure refers to the span of time that employees spend in an organization. There should be job security. &nbsp;an employee must be provided with job security which will help them to be efficient. This will also benefit the organization as it lowers the labor turnover and reduces the cost&nbsp;of recruiting and training new employees.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><strong>Initiative:</strong><br />The initiative&nbsp;is the level of freedom that an organization should provide to the employee to carry out the plans without forcing them or ordering them. This is related to the creation&nbsp;of interest and willingness in the employees by motivating and satisfying the employees.<br /><br /></li>
<li><strong>Esprit de corps:</strong><br />Esprit de corps means the spirit of cooperation. This principle advocates that &ldquo;Union is strength&rdquo;. So the organization must integrate all its actions towards a single goal and objective. If the action is not unified then they cannot achieve their desired objectives. So there must be unified team contribution in harmony and cooperation which is always greater than the aggregate&nbsp;of individual performances.</li>
</ul>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>

Answer: <p>Any seven principles of Fayol's Administrative&nbsp;Management are:</p>
<ol>
<li><strong>Division of work:</strong> <br />The principle is same as Adam Smith&rsquo;s division of labor. Even though the principles were not created on a basis of experiments, they were created by the experience of Henri Fayol. These principles are universal and can be applied in any organization in any part of the world. It helps the worker to be specialized in that particular work which increases his efficiency.<br /><br /></li>
<li><strong>Authority and responsibility:</strong> <br />Authority is the right to give the command and make decisions. Responsibility is the obligation of an employee to perform a certain designated task and be accountable to the supervisor.&nbsp;Fayol stressed on the parity of authority and responsibility for every individual. Authority without responsibility will lead to waste of position and lack of utilization of power and responsibility without power will lead to poor utilization of human and another resource.<br /><br /></li>
<li><strong>Discipline:<br /></strong>Employees must obey and respect the rules that govern the organization. Clarity of Rules, Reward-Punishment system, good supervision etc. are some ways to maintain discipline. But it depends on the need and policies of the organization on how to maintain discipline.<br /><br /></li>
<li><strong>Unity of Command:</strong><br />An employee must get orders from only one immediate supervisor. And the employee should be accountable to the immediate supervisor only. There should not be other supervisors to guide the employee. This will help to clear the confusion and will make the employee loyal to the activity.<br /><br /></li>
<li><strong>Unity of Direction:</strong><br />According to Fayol,&rdquo;there should be one head and one plan for a group o activities having the same objectives.&rdquo; This principle suggests that one department, section, division and , not should only get instruction from one head. This helps in coordinating the group activity to attain a single goal.<br /><br /></li>
<li><strong>Subordination of individual interest to general interest:</strong><br />In an organization, the general interest is more important than the individual interest. &nbsp;So this principle suggests that there must be harmony between these two interests. Organizational interest must be given more priority as good for the organization will bring rewards for the individuals. The common interest of organization should be practiced.<br /><br /></li>
<li><strong>Remuneration:</strong><br />Workers must be paid a fair wage for their services. Fayol focuses more on non-monetary remuneration in which he believes will create bonding between the employee and the organization. So the remuneration must be fair, reasonable and satisfactory.</li>
</ol>