Functions of Data Link Layer
The data link layer is the second layer in the OSI Mode. It deals with transmission errors, regulate the flow of data, and provide a well-defined interface to the network layer.
Summary
The data link layer is the second layer in the OSI Mode. It deals with transmission errors, regulate the flow of data, and provide a well-defined interface to the network layer.
Things to Remember
- Data Link Layer adds a header to the frame in order to define physical address of the sender or receiver of the frame.
- It deals with transmission errors
- It regulates the flow of data.
- It prevents traffic jam at the receiver side.
MCQs
No MCQs found.
Subjective Questions
Q1:
Define dislocation.
Type: Very_short Difficulty: Easy
Show/Hide Answer
Answer: <p>A dislocation is an injury in which the ends of bones are forced from their normal positions. Dislocation is a complete and persistent displacement of a joint in which at least part of the supporting joint capsule and some of its ligaments are disrupted.</p>
<p>Dislocation may occur in major joints, such as shoulder, hip, knee, elbow or ankle or in smaller joints, such as a finger, thumb or toe. The injury will temporarily deform and immobilize the joint and may result in sudden and severe pain and swelling.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Dislocation may occur in major joints, such as shoulder, hip, knee, elbow or ankle or in smaller joints, such as a finger, thumb or toe. The injury will temporarily deform and immobilize the joint and may result in sudden and severe pain and swelling.</p>
<p> </p>
Q2:
Explain causes and management of dislocation.
Type: Short Difficulty: Easy
Show/Hide Answer
Answer: <p> </p>
<p><strong>Causes</strong></p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Sports injuries </strong>– dislocation can occur in contact sports, such as football and hockey, and the sports that may involve falls, such as downhill, skiing, gymnastics, and volleyball.</li>
<li><strong>Trauma not related to sports </strong>– a hard blow to a joint during a motor vehicle accident is a common cause of dislocation.</li>
<li><strong>Falls </strong>– person may dislocate a joint during a fall.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Management</strong></p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Immobilization – </strong>do not move the dislocated joints.</li>
<li><strong>Application of splint – </strong>splint or sling the affected joint in its current position. Don’t try to move a dislocated joint or force it back into place. This can damage the joint and its surrounding muscles, ligaments, nerves and even blood vessels.</li>
<li><strong>Apply ice to the injured joint – </strong>applying ice to the injured joint can help reduce pain and swelling by controlling internal bleeding and the buildup of fluids in and around the injured joint.</li>
<li><strong>Reduction – </strong>during this process, some gentle maneuvers is used to help bones back into position. Depending on the amount of the pain and swelling, a local anesthetic or even a general anesthetic before manipulation of bones may be used.</li>
<li><strong>Analgesics –</strong> after the reduction process, any severe pain should improve. But if pain continues, analgesic or a muscle relaxant can be used to relieved pain.</li>
<li><strong>Rehabilitation </strong>– after the splint is removed a gradual rehabilitation program should be designed to restore the joints range of motion and strength.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Causes</strong></p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Sports injuries </strong>– dislocation can occur in contact sports, such as football and hockey, and the sports that may involve falls, such as downhill, skiing, gymnastics, and volleyball.</li>
<li><strong>Trauma not related to sports </strong>– a hard blow to a joint during a motor vehicle accident is a common cause of dislocation.</li>
<li><strong>Falls </strong>– person may dislocate a joint during a fall.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Management</strong></p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Immobilization – </strong>do not move the dislocated joints.</li>
<li><strong>Application of splint – </strong>splint or sling the affected joint in its current position. Don’t try to move a dislocated joint or force it back into place. This can damage the joint and its surrounding muscles, ligaments, nerves and even blood vessels.</li>
<li><strong>Apply ice to the injured joint – </strong>applying ice to the injured joint can help reduce pain and swelling by controlling internal bleeding and the buildup of fluids in and around the injured joint.</li>
<li><strong>Reduction – </strong>during this process, some gentle maneuvers is used to help bones back into position. Depending on the amount of the pain and swelling, a local anesthetic or even a general anesthetic before manipulation of bones may be used.</li>
<li><strong>Analgesics –</strong> after the reduction process, any severe pain should improve. But if pain continues, analgesic or a muscle relaxant can be used to relieved pain.</li>
<li><strong>Rehabilitation </strong>– after the splint is removed a gradual rehabilitation program should be designed to restore the joints range of motion and strength.</li>
</ul>
Q3:
Explain in detail about dislocation.
Type: Long Difficulty: Easy
Show/Hide Answer
Answer: <ul>
<li><strong>Dislocation</strong></li>
</ul>
<p>A dislocation is an injury in which the ends of bones are forced from their normal positions. Dislocation is a complete and persistent displacement of a joint in which at least part of the supporting joint capsule and some of its ligaments are disrupted.</p>
<p>Dislocation may occur in major joints, such as shoulder, hip, knee, elbow or ankle or in smaller joints, such as a finger, thumb or toe. The injury will temporarily deform and immobilize the joint and may result in sudden and severe pain and swelling.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Causes</strong></p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Sports injuries </strong>– dislocation can occur in contact sports, such as football and hockey, and the sports that may involve falls, such as downhill, skiing, gymnastics, and volleyball.</li>
<li><strong>Trauma not related to sports </strong>– a hard blow to a joint during a motor vehicle accident is a common cause of dislocation.</li>
<li><strong>Falls </strong>– person may dislocate a joint during a fall.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Risk factors</strong></p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Susceptibility to falls – </strong>experiencing a fall exposes the person to the possibility of a dislocated joint if he or she uses his or her arms to brace for impact.</li>
<li><strong>Heredity –</strong> some people are born with ligaments that are looser and more prone to injury than those of most people.</li>
<li><strong>Sports participations</strong></li>
<li><strong>Motor vehicles accidents</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Tests and diagnosis</strong></p>
<ul>
<li><strong>X –ray: </strong>an x- ray of the joint is used to confirm the dislocation and may reveal broken bones or other damage to the joint.</li>
<li>MRI: magnetic resonance imaging can help to assess damage to the soft tissue structure around a dislocated joint.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Management</strong></p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Immobilization – </strong>do not move the dislocated joints.</li>
<li><strong>Application of splint – </strong>splint or sling the affected joint in its current position. Don’t try to move a dislocated joint or force it back into place. This can damage the joint and its surrounding muscles, ligaments, nerves and even blood vessels.</li>
<li><strong>Apply ice to the injured joint – </strong>applying ice to the injured joint can help reduce pain and swelling by controlling internal bleeding and the buildup of fluids in and around the injured joint.</li>
<li><strong>Reduction – </strong>during this process, some gentle maneuvers is used to help bones back into position. Depending on the amount of the pain and swelling, a local anesthetic or even a general anesthetic before manipulation of bones may be used.</li>
<li><strong>Analgesics –</strong> after the reduction process, any severe pain should improve. But if pain continues, analgesic or a muscle relaxant can be used to relieved pain.</li>
<li><strong>Rehabilitation </strong>– after the splint is removed a gradual rehabilitation program should be designed to restore the joints range of motion and strength.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Complications</strong>: complication of a joint dislocation may include:-</p>
<ul>
<li>Tearing of the muscles, ligaments and tendons that reinforce the injured joint.</li>
<li>Damage to the nerve or blood vessels in or around the joint.</li>
<li>Susceptibility to re-injury if someone has a severe dislocation or repeated dislocation</li>
<li>Development of arthritis in the affected joint as age advances.</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<li><strong>Dislocation</strong></li>
</ul>
<p>A dislocation is an injury in which the ends of bones are forced from their normal positions. Dislocation is a complete and persistent displacement of a joint in which at least part of the supporting joint capsule and some of its ligaments are disrupted.</p>
<p>Dislocation may occur in major joints, such as shoulder, hip, knee, elbow or ankle or in smaller joints, such as a finger, thumb or toe. The injury will temporarily deform and immobilize the joint and may result in sudden and severe pain and swelling.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Causes</strong></p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Sports injuries </strong>– dislocation can occur in contact sports, such as football and hockey, and the sports that may involve falls, such as downhill, skiing, gymnastics, and volleyball.</li>
<li><strong>Trauma not related to sports </strong>– a hard blow to a joint during a motor vehicle accident is a common cause of dislocation.</li>
<li><strong>Falls </strong>– person may dislocate a joint during a fall.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Risk factors</strong></p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Susceptibility to falls – </strong>experiencing a fall exposes the person to the possibility of a dislocated joint if he or she uses his or her arms to brace for impact.</li>
<li><strong>Heredity –</strong> some people are born with ligaments that are looser and more prone to injury than those of most people.</li>
<li><strong>Sports participations</strong></li>
<li><strong>Motor vehicles accidents</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Tests and diagnosis</strong></p>
<ul>
<li><strong>X –ray: </strong>an x- ray of the joint is used to confirm the dislocation and may reveal broken bones or other damage to the joint.</li>
<li>MRI: magnetic resonance imaging can help to assess damage to the soft tissue structure around a dislocated joint.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Management</strong></p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Immobilization – </strong>do not move the dislocated joints.</li>
<li><strong>Application of splint – </strong>splint or sling the affected joint in its current position. Don’t try to move a dislocated joint or force it back into place. This can damage the joint and its surrounding muscles, ligaments, nerves and even blood vessels.</li>
<li><strong>Apply ice to the injured joint – </strong>applying ice to the injured joint can help reduce pain and swelling by controlling internal bleeding and the buildup of fluids in and around the injured joint.</li>
<li><strong>Reduction – </strong>during this process, some gentle maneuvers is used to help bones back into position. Depending on the amount of the pain and swelling, a local anesthetic or even a general anesthetic before manipulation of bones may be used.</li>
<li><strong>Analgesics –</strong> after the reduction process, any severe pain should improve. But if pain continues, analgesic or a muscle relaxant can be used to relieved pain.</li>
<li><strong>Rehabilitation </strong>– after the splint is removed a gradual rehabilitation program should be designed to restore the joints range of motion and strength.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Complications</strong>: complication of a joint dislocation may include:-</p>
<ul>
<li>Tearing of the muscles, ligaments and tendons that reinforce the injured joint.</li>
<li>Damage to the nerve or blood vessels in or around the joint.</li>
<li>Susceptibility to re-injury if someone has a severe dislocation or repeated dislocation</li>
<li>Development of arthritis in the affected joint as age advances.</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
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Functions of Data Link Layer
Data Link Layer
The data link layer is the second layer in the OSI Model. It deals with transmission errors, regulates the flow of data, and provide a well-defined interface to the network layer.
Functions of Data Link Layer are:
- Data Link Layer provides a well-defined interface to the network layer.
- It adds a header to the frame in order to define physical address of the sender or receiver of the frame
- It deals with transmission errors
- It regulates the flow of data. It provides flow control mechanism to avoid a fast transmitter from running a slow receiver by buffering the extra bit is provided by flow control. This prevents traffic jam at the receiver side.
- It also has protocols to determine which of the devices has control over the link
Reference:
- "DATA LINK Layer - OSI Model", http://www.studytonight.com/computer-networks/osi-model-datalink-layer
- "Data Link Layer of the OSI Model: Protocol, Functions & Design", http://study.com/academy/lesson/data-link-layer-of-the-osi-model-protocol-functions-design.html
Lesson
Data Link Layer
Subject
Computer Engineering
Grade
Engineering
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