Answer: <p><strong>Osteomyelitis</strong></p>
<p>(osteo- derived from the Greek word osteon ,meaning bone ,myelo- meaning marrow , it is meaning inflammation)simply means an infection of the bone or bone marrow.It can be usefully sub -classified on the basis of the causative organism, the route ,duration , and anatomic location of the infection.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>

Answer: <p><strong>Diagnosis</strong></p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Complete physical examination:&nbsp;</strong>look for the sign or symptoms of soft tissue and bone tenderness and possibly swelling and redness.</li>
<li><strong>Blood tests:&nbsp;</strong>it includes &ndash; complete blood count, ESR, CRP, etc.</li>
<li><strong>Blood culture:&nbsp;</strong>blood culture is a test used to detect bacteria and tested against different antibiotics in hopes of finding the most effective treatment.</li>
<li><strong>Needle aspiration:&nbsp;</strong>during this test, a needle is used to remove a sample of fluids and cells from the vertebral space, or bony area.</li>
<li><strong>Biopsy:&nbsp;</strong>a biopsy of the infected bone may be taken and tested for signs of an invading organism.</li>
<li><strong>X-ray:&nbsp;</strong>a diagnostic test which uses invisible electromagnetic energy beams to produce images of internal tissues, bones, and organs onto film.</li>
<li><strong>Computed tomography scan:</strong>&nbsp;a diagnostic imaging procedure that uses a combination of x-rays and computer technology to produce cross-sectional images, both horizontally and vertically.</li>
<li><strong>Magnetic resonance imaging:</strong>&nbsp;a diagnostic procedure that uses a combination of large magnets, radio frequencies, and a computer to produce detailed images of organs and structures within the body.</li>
</ul>
<p>&nbsp;</p>

Answer: <p><strong>Treating and managing osteomyelitis</strong></p>
<ol>
<li><strong>Medical management</strong></li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>Analgesics as prescribed</li>
<li>Antibiotic as prescribed</li>
<li>Dressing changes- use sterile technique</li>
<li>Maintain proper body alignment and change position frequently to prevent deformities.</li>
</ul>
<ol start="2">
<li><strong>Surgical management</strong></li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li><strong>Splinting or cast immobilization</strong>: this may be necessary to immobilize the affected bone and nearby joints in order to avoid further trauma and to help the area heal adequately and as quickly as possible.</li>
<li><strong>Incision and Drainage</strong>&nbsp;of a bone abscess. If there are an open wound and abscess, it may be drained through a procedure called needle aspiration. In this procedure, a needle is inserted into the affected area and the fluid is withdrawn.</li>
<li><strong>Sequestrectomy:&nbsp;</strong>removal of dead, infected bone and cartilage.</li>
<li><strong>Bone grafting:&nbsp;</strong>it is recommended after repeated infections.</li>
<li><strong>Remove any foreign objects:</strong>&nbsp;in some cases, a foreign body such as surgical plates or screws placed during a previous surgery, may have to be removed.</li>
<li><strong>Amputate the limb:</strong>&nbsp;as a last resort, surgeons may amputate the affected limb to stop the infection from spreading further.</li>
</ul>

Answer: <p><strong>Osteomyelitis</strong></p>
<p>(osteo- derived from the Greek word osteon ,meaning bone ,myelo- meaning marrow , it is meaning inflammation)simply means an infection of the bone or bone marrow.It can be usefully sub -classified on the basis of the causative organism, the route ,duration , and anatomic location of the infection.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><strong>Path physiology</strong></p>
<p>Bone is normally resistant to infection. However, when microorganisms are introduced into bone hematogenous from surrounding structures or from direct inoculation related to surgery or trauma, osteomyelitis can occur. Bone infection may result from the treatment of trauma, which allows pathogens to enter bone and proliferate in the traumatized tissue. When bone infection persists for months, the resulting infection is referred to as chronic osteomyelitis and may be polymicrobial. Although all bones are subject to infection, the lower extremity is most commonly involved.</p>
<p>Some important factors in the pathogenesis of osteomyelitis include the virulence of the infecting organism, underlying disease, immune status of the host, and the type, location, and vascularity of the bone. Bacteria may possess various factors that may contribute to the development of osteomyelitis. For example, factors promoted by S aureus may promote bacterial adherence, resistance to host defense mechanism, and proteolytic activity.</p>
<p><strong>Sign and symptoms</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Pain or tenderness in the infected area.</li>
<li>Swelling and warmth in the infected area</li>
<li>Fever</li>
<li>Nausea, secondarily from being ill with infection</li>
<li>General discomfort, uneasiness, or ill feeling</li>
<li>Drainage of pus through the skin</li>
<li>Excessive sweating</li>
<li>Chills</li>
<li>Lower back pain.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Diagnosis</strong></p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Complete physical examination:&nbsp;</strong>look for the sign or symptoms of soft tissue and bone tenderness and possibly swelling and redness.</li>
<li><strong>Blood tests:&nbsp;</strong>it includes &ndash; complete blood count, ESR, CRP, etc.</li>
<li><strong>Blood culture:&nbsp;</strong>blood culture is a test used to detect bacteria and tested against different antibiotics in hopes of finding the most effective treatment.</li>
<li><strong>Needle aspiration:&nbsp;</strong>during this test, a needle is used to remove a sample of fluids and cells from the vertebral space, or bony area.</li>
<li><strong>Biopsy:&nbsp;</strong>a biopsy of the infected bone may be taken and tested for signs of an invading organism.</li>
<li><strong>X-ray:&nbsp;</strong>a diagnostic test which uses invisible electromagnetic energy beams to produce images of internal tissues, bones, and organs onto film.</li>
<li><strong>Computed tomography scan:</strong>&nbsp;a diagnostic imaging procedure that uses a combination of x-rays and computer technology to produce cross-sectional images, both horizontally and vertically.</li>
<li><strong>Magnetic resonance imaging:</strong>&nbsp;a diagnostic procedure that uses a combination of large magnets, radio frequencies, and a computer to produce detailed images of organs and structures within the body.</li>
</ul>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><strong>Treating and managing osteomyelitis</strong></p>
<ol>
<li><strong>Medical management</strong></li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>Analgesics as prescribed</li>
<li>Antibiotic as prescribed</li>
<li>Dressing changes- use sterile technique</li>
<li>Maintain proper body alignment and change position frequently to prevent deformities.</li>
</ul>
<ol start="2">
<li><strong>Surgical management</strong></li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li><strong>Splinting or cast immobilization</strong>: this may be necessary to immobilize the affected bone and nearby joints in order to avoid further trauma and to help the area heal adequately and as quickly as possible.</li>
<li><strong>Incision and Drainage</strong>&nbsp;of a bone abscess. If there are an open wound and abscess, it may be drained through a procedure called needle aspiration. In this procedure, a needle is inserted into the affected area and the fluid is withdrawn.</li>
<li><strong>Sequestrectomy:&nbsp;</strong>removal of dead, infected bone and cartilage.</li>
<li><strong>Bone grafting:&nbsp;</strong>it is recommended after repeated infections.</li>
<li><strong>Remove any foreign objects:</strong>&nbsp;in some cases, a foreign body such as surgical plates or screws placed during a previous surgery, may have to be removed.</li>
<li><strong>Amputate the limb:</strong>&nbsp;as a last resort, surgeons may amputate the affected limb to stop the infection from spreading further.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Nursing management</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Asses the vital signs, observe wound appearance and note any new pain which may indicate secondary infection.</li>
<li>Look for the sudden malpositioning of the affected limb, which may indicate a fracture.</li>
<li>Monitor the area of infection and neurovascular status.</li>
<li>Support the affected limb with firm pillows.</li>
<li>Control the patient pain with prescribed analgesics and non-pharmacologic techniques.</li>
<li>Use strict aseptic technique when changing the dressing and irrigating wounds.</li>
<li>Monitor his response to antibiotic drugs.</li>
<li>Unless contraindicated, provide nutritional support in the form of a high protein diet.</li>
<li>Focus care on controlling infection, protecting the bone from injury and providing support.</li>
<li>Provide a well-balanced diet to promote healing.</li>
<li>Apply a gentle range of motion exercises to the joints above and below the affected site.</li>
<li>Observe for the signs of complication.</li>
</ul>
<p>&nbsp;</p>