Project Scheduling With Bar Chart
this note will provide description about project scheduling with Bar chart (Gantt chart, Linked bar chart, milestone chart) , advantage and disadvantages and also sample bar chart of each one.
Summary
this note will provide description about project scheduling with Bar chart (Gantt chart, Linked bar chart, milestone chart) , advantage and disadvantages and also sample bar chart of each one.
Things to Remember
Project scheduling and importance.
How to draw Bar chart (Gantt chart) , its advantages and disadvantages
Basic concept about linked bar chart and milestone chart and their merits over Simple Bar chart
MCQs
No MCQs found.
Subjective Questions
Q1:
Define vaginitis
Type: Very_short Difficulty: Easy
<p> </p>
Q2:
Define vaginitis. Explain its causes, symptoms, and management
Type: Long Difficulty: Easy
<li><strong>Vaginitis</strong></li>
</ul>
<p>Vaginitis is defined as the spectrum of condition that causes vulvovaginal symptoms such as itching, burning, irritation and abnormal discharge.</p>
<p>Causes</p>
<ul>
<li>Bacteria: gardnerella vaginalis, Mycoplasma hominis and peptostreptococcus species.</li>
<li>Candida species</li>
<li>T vaginalis infection, the third most common cause of vaginitis caused by trichomonas</li>
<li>Yeast, virus, chemicals in cream or sprays or even clothing can cause vaginitis</li>
<li>Risk factor includes pregnancy: intrauterine device use, and frequent douching, women health, her personal hygiene, medications, hormones and the health of her sexual partners.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Common types of vaginitis</strong></p>
<ol>
<li>Candidiasis or monilial vaginitis</li>
<li>Bacterial vaginitis</li>
<li>Trichomoniasis vaginitis</li>
<li>Chlamydia vaginitis</li>
<li>Gonococcal vaginitis</li>
<li>Viral vaginitis</li>
<li>Non-infectious vaginitis</li>
<li>Senile vaginitis</li>
</ol>
<p><strong>Treatment</strong></p>
<p>Treatment of vaginitis may include sitz baths and instruction regarding proper toilet and hygiene techniques. Many women assume vaginal symptoms are the result of a sexually transmitted disease (STD), which is often not the case. A patient’s idea of vaginal normality may be inaccurate and result in increased or unnecessary treatment seeking. Also, educate patients regarding the following:</p>
<ul>
<li>Avoiding irritants in the vaginal area, such as perfumes, soaps, and panty liners, among others.</li>
<li>After swimming or exercise, which keeps the vaginal area moist, air-drying the area or changing the underwear.</li>
<li>Always cleaning the area from front to back.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Management considerations</strong></p>
<p>Intravaginal imidazoles can be purchased over the counter and have proven efficacy for vaginal candidiasis. Patients may purchase and utilize these medications without a doctor’s advice or prescription and the choice of treatment can be based on personal preference since they appear to be equally effective. Vaginal anti-itch creams provide only symptomatic relief. Homeopathic treatments for vaginitis (boric acid, tea tree oil, live acidophilus, garlic) have not been well studied but may have some efficacy.</p>
<p>If the patient shows no improvement, despite symptomatic or over-the-counter treatment, refer her for further workup of possible STDs and other infectious causes of vulvovaginitis.</p>
<p>When a patient is seen for suspected vaginitis in the emergency department (ED), there is usually no need for active treatment. However, prepubertal girls with vulvovaginitis caused by a foreign body in the vagina may require sedation for removal of the foreign body.</p>
<p>Treatment of vaginitis varies by cause and is directed at the relevant pathogen. Inpatient care usually is not indicated, unless serious pelvic infections arise or evidence of systemic infection in an immunocompromised host is present. Parenteral treatment of infectious causes of vaginitis is rarely indicated. Complicated cases of certain infections (eg. gonorrhea, chlamydial infection) may require parenteral treatment.</p>
<p>A German study has suggested that a 6-day vaginal application of dequalinium chloride (10 mg)is a safe and effective treatment option for mixed vaginal infections or those with an uncertain diagnosis. The investigators noted this antimicrobial antiseptic agent has broad bactericidal and fungicidal activity with a low risk for antimicrobial resistance and post treatment vaginal infections.</p>
<p>Atrophic vaginitis can be treated with lubricants, estrogen vaginal cream, tablets, and rings, among others.</p>
<p>Vaginal suppositories containing human lactobacillus strains are under investigation, as change in formulation strategies to improve pharmacologic delivery and treatment modalities</p>
Videos
vaginitis
Project Scheduling With Bar Chart
3.4. PROJECT SCHEDULING WITH BAR CHART, CPM & PERT
3.4.1 Scheduling
Scheduling is laying out of the actual jobs of the project in the time order in which they have to be performed. Manpower and material requirements needed at each stage of construction are calculated, along with the expected completion time of each of the jobs. A schedule shows the starting and completion dates of each activity and the sequential relationship among the various activities.
Necessity of scheduling
- To predict project completion time.
- To control cost and resources.
- To serve as record.
- To manages changes and uncertainties.
Most commonly used tool for project scheduling are Bar chart, CPM, PERT. We will discuss these here:
3.4.2 Gantt chart/Bar chart
It is a graphical representation of project activities shown in a time scaled bar line with no links shown between activities. A bar chart is a scheduling technique in which activity duration is drawn to scale on a time base. A bar chart is also called a Gantt chart since it was developed by Henry Gantt in 1920s.
It is one of the most popular and widely used techniques for planning and scheduling activities because the graphical representation of a bar chart makes it easy to read and understand.
Fig: Sample Bar chart
How to draw a Bar Chart? (Steps in Preparing Bar chart)
The following are the basic steps in developing a bar chart:
- Listing of project activities.
- Estimation of work duration (time required) to complete the each activity based on available resources.
- Establish relationship (logical sequence) between project activities based on experience.
- Develop a bar chart.
Advantages of Bar chart:
- It is simple to understand.
- Easy to prepare, consume less resources.
- Easy to develop and implement, no training is required.
- It can be used to show progress.
- Appropriate for small projects.
- Can be used for resources schedule.
- It gives the clear pictorial model of the project.
Disadvantages of Bar chart
Difficult to construct Bar chart for the large and complex project due to limitations of the size of paper.
The relationship between activities cannot be shown easily.
Difficult to find critical path, critical activities, and floats etc.
Difficulties in seeing immediately and exactly overall project duration if changes occur in any particular activity.
It cannot be used as control device
Long duration project may seem to be most important which may not be correct.
Difficult to manipulate and make corrections i.e. updating means to redraw the entire chart again.
3.4.3 Linked Bar Chart
Linked Bar Chart is a modified version of Gantt bar chart. It was developed to overcome some of the inherent limitations of the bar chart. It shows the links between an activity and the preceding or succeeding activities. The linking bars are very complicated, difficult and sometimes impossible to show graphically. There are mainly four types of relationship between activities.
- Finish to Start
- Start to Start
- Start to Finish
- Finish to finish
The linked bar chart has an advantage of exhibiting the effect of delay on succeeding activities and also it can provide some information of the extra time available (if there is) with an activity for its completion. The extra time available for an activity for its completion is called float. Similarly, the activities, which do not have extra time for completion, are called critical activities.
Fig: Linked Bar chart
Milestone Chart
Milestone Chart is an improved version of a bar chart in which some of the limitations of bar chart are eliminated. As Henry Gantt invented it, it is called Gantt Milestone Chart. Combined activity bar charts can be converted to milestone bar charts by placing small triangles or circles or a flag at strategic locations in the bars to indicate completion of certain milestones within each activity or group of activities as shown in the figure below. A milestone implies some specific stage or point where major activity either begins or ends, or cost data become critical.
Each bar in a milestone chart again represents an activity or job or task and all the bars took together represent the entire project.
A milestone chart shows the relationship between the milestones within the same activity or job or task. Thus as compared to the bar chart better control can be achieved with the help of a milestone chart, but it still possesses the same deficiency that it does not depict the interdependencies between the various tasks or the relationship between the milestones of different tasks.1.jpg)
Fig: Milestone chart
Bibliography:
IshwarAdhikari and Santosh Kr. Shrestha, “A text book of Project Engineering” 2011, Chandeshwori Publication, First Edition.
K. Nagarajan, “Project Management”, ISBN: 81-224-1340-4, New Age International (P) Limited, New Delhi, India, 2001.
E.R. Yescombe, “Principles of Project Finance” 2002, Yescombe-Consulting Limited.
Lesson
Project Planning and Scheduling
Subject
Civil Engineering
Grade
Engineering
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