Project Proposal (Technical and Financial)

this note introduce the basic concept about project proposal and different section of project proposal and also about procedure of developing a project proposal

Summary

this note introduce the basic concept about project proposal and different section of project proposal and also about procedure of developing a project proposal

Things to Remember

  • set of document submitted for evaluation of project is callled project proposal.
  • contents of project proposal (technical, financial, management part)
  • procedure of developing project proposal( SOW, feasibility analysis, premilinary desing, proposal development)

MCQs

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Subjective Questions

Q1:

Explain the physiological changes in the cardiovascular system ?


Type: Long Difficulty: Easy

Show/Hide Answer
Answer: <ol>
<li>Heart size increased due to increase the workload. It may also be displayed upward and to the left rotating anteriorly because of the pressure from the growing fetus.</li>
<li>The total amount of circulating blood volume increases by 30% to 40% (1000ml) during pregnancy.</li>
<li>Red cell volume increases by 200 ml (5-10%). Total hemoglobin rise by 90gm (20%), Red cell (up to 4ml/cumm), hemoglobin (up to 11gm%) hematocrit value fall in the peripheral blood due to haemodilution.</li>
<li>ESR increases to 40-50 mm (first hour) due to increased fibrinogen content.</li>
<li>Platelet count shows a slight decrease due to increased consumption. Clotting factors (factors VII, VIII, IX, X) raise. Plasma antithrombin III and fibrinolytic activity decrease.</li>
<li>Aortocaval compression by the gravid uterus in the latter part of the pregnancy can interfere with the venous return to the heart and cause hypertension. This effect is most pronounced in the supine position. Supine hypertension can be quickly relieved by changing the supine position. Supine hypertension can be quickly relieved by changing the supine maternal position to the left lateral recumbent position.</li>
<li>Blood pressure remains normal limits but modest fall of about 100 mmHg during the mid-trimester, followed by a gradual return to normal at term. Increased venous pressure in the lower limbs during pregnancy caused by prolonged standing or sitting can lead to a varicose vein, hemorrhoids and dependent edema of the feet.</li>
<li>The control venous pressure recording a rise by 5-10 mmH20.</li>
<li>Plasma volume increases from 20<sup>th</sup> weeks of pregnancy. Physiological anemia is also common in pregnancy due to haemodilution. A decrease is plasma protein cause mild enema.</li>
<li>Iron absorption double in pregnancy to meet the demands of growing maternal blood volumes, tissue mass and fetal needs about 1000 mg of iron are required during pregnancy, hence iron supplementation is recommended.</li>
<li>There is a normal increase in the white blood cell counts from 9000/cumm about 12,000/cumm and a further increase to 15,000/cumm during labor. A moderate degree of leukocytosis of 15000-18000/cumm is commonly observed in the post-partum period.</li>
</ol>

Q2:

What are the physiological changes that occur in respiratory system during pregnancy ?


Type: Short Difficulty: Easy

Show/Hide Answer
Answer: <ol>
<li>An upper respiratory tract is prone to hyperemia and congestion, predisposing to phlegm, sinusitis, and epistaxis.</li>
<li>There is a marginal increase in inspiratory rate. The &lsquo;tidal volume&rsquo; and &lsquo;minute ventilation&rsquo; increase by 30-40%. The &lsquo;functional reserve capacity&rsquo; and &lsquo;inspiratory reserve volume&rsquo; may diminish by 20%.</li>
<li>Alteration in blood gasses is common observation, PO2 increases above 100 mmHg, PCO2 decreased to 27-38 mmHg. The pH remains normal with increase renal bicarbonate excretion.</li>
<li>Dyspnea is a common symptom during pregnancy, 60-70% of women experience it to a varying degree.</li>
<li>Maternal hyperventilation is probably due to the action of progesterone on the respiratory center. It is considered a protective measure to prevent exposure of the fetus to excessive levels of CO2.</li>
</ol>

Videos

Maternal changes in pregnancy
Project Proposal (Technical and Financial)

Project Proposal (Technical and Financial)

2.2 Project proposal (Technical and financial)

  • The set of documents submitted for evaluation of project is called project proposal. Project satisfies customer needs. So, Project proposal shows how project will fulfill customer needs.
  • A project proposal is the blue print of project activities. It is a response to terms of reference (TOR) provided by the customers. Its basic purpose is to convince the customer that the proposal is worthy of support.
  • A proposal is basic document containing the explanation of all activities to be performed while undertaking an investment venture.
  • The project proposal portrays the organizations capability to carryout technical part of project work to the client. It also indicates the cost of project to the client.
  • It is a set of documents needed to evaluate project, which is under consideration.

Generally project proposal should satisfactorily answer the following questions:

  • What are you preparing to do?
  • Why you are proposing to do?
  • What specific results you are expecting from it?
  • What is the proposed schedule?
  • What is the cost of resources?
  • What are significant and limitations?
  • How the outputs are measured?

While preparing project proposal following considerations are of prime importance:

  1. Project problem.
  2. Organization and staffing for implementation.
  3. Costing/Estimates.
  4. Cost of proposal.

Contents of project proposal:

Since every project is unique and different to each other, it is not possible to get a standard format for developing a project proposal equally applicable for all types and natures of projects. However, content of content of project proposal is classified into two parts: technical and financial. Sometimes management part is also considered as separate one.

  1. Technical part of project proposal:

Technical part of the proposal gives the technical details and descriptions of the project. The contents of technical part are:

  1. Problem statement : description of the project problem
  2. Special requirements: any special requirements as specified in TOR by client is described
  3. Test and inspection: procedures related to testing, quality assurance, reliability and compliance along with specifications are prepared
  4. Logistics: details of equipment, facilities, skills and administrative aspects are listed
  5. Reporting: formats, timing, and nature of reporting should be highlighted
  6. CV: CV of key persons for the execution of the proposed project is listed along with details
  7. Capability statement: organizational capability and past similar work experience are focused in this part

  1. Financial part of project proposal:

It deals with the financial details of the project. The financial part of proposal covers the aspects like:

  1. Cost of basic materials
  2. Statement of work
  3. Cost summary
  4. Supporting schedules
  5. Profit statement
  6. Elements of cost
  7. Cost break down and work break down structures
  8. Cost estimating techniques

In this part, generally format of BOQ (provided along with TOR or bid document) is prepared and the rate is quoted for the proposed work.

  1. Management part of project proposal:

It incorporates the administrative and management capability of the proposing organization in terms of:

  1. Organizational structure
  2. The financial stability
  3. Financial litigation history
  4. Accounting system
  5. Employee safety, health & Labor related aspects
  6. Cost and schedules
  7. Past work experiences

2.3 Procedure for Developing Project Proposal

project

Step 1: Project brief (Statement of Work)

  • Project brief is the wish list of the project customers or client which describes the need and requirements. It is prepared at the time of project formulation phase.
  • It is provided by the customers in the form of terms of reference (TOR). It covers all the relevant facts about the project. The major contents covered in SOW are:
  1. The need of the project.
  2. Scope of the project.
  3. Objectives and output of the project.
  4. Estimated budget/cost.
  5. Specifications, quality assurance and acceptance criteria.
  6. Estimated time tables and deadlines.
  7. Reporting system.
  8. Monitoring, evaluation and controlling mechanism etc.
  • It serves as starting point of development of project proposal. It provides need, description and all details about the project.

Step 2: Pre/Feasibility study

  • It is the preliminary study of implement ability of proposed project. Different aspects like technical analysis, economic analysis, financial analysis, marketing analysis, management analysis and environmental analysis are covered in the pre-feasibility study. Technical feasibility is the main focus aspect in this study.
  • It does not deal with detail study but gives information about viability of project.

Step 3: Preliminary/detailed design

  • It is the elaboration of the project idea and is based on the requirements shown by the feasibility study. This phase is also known as conceptual design or architectural design.
  • This phase provides a design that will correctly and completely implements the needs and requirements shown by study.
  • Designs are prepared on the basis of different technical aspects like survey, engineering drawings, project schedule, WBS, estimated project cost etc.

Step 4: Proposal Development

Finally a project proposal is prepared. Project proposal provides the different details about the project. It contains:

  1. Title of the project.
  2. Executive summary: It describes on brief information and objectives of the project.
  3. Project description: Provides general description of project.
  4. Problem statement.
  5. Objectives and outputs.
  • Project implementation.
  1. Project budget.
  2. Project schedule.
  3. Project monitoring and evaluation.

Appendices can be used to provide supporting evidence like tax clearance certificate, firm registration, previous work experience and signed CVs etc.

Bibliography:

IshwarAdhikari and Santosh Kr. Shrestha, “A text book of Project Engineering” 2011, Chandeshwori Publication, First Edition.

K. Nagarajan, “Project Management”, ISBN: 81-224-1340-4, New Age International (P) Limited, New Delhi, India, 2001.

E.R. Yescombe, “Principles of Project Finance” 2002, Yescombe-Consulting Limited.

Lesson

Project Appraisal and Project Formulation

Subject

Civil Engineering

Grade

Engineering

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