Classification of Project
from this note student will learn about different types of project based on different basis like according to source of fund, acccording to function, according to techniques etc.
Summary
from this note student will learn about different types of project based on different basis like according to source of fund, acccording to function, according to techniques etc.
Things to Remember
- Different basis to classify project (source of fund, function, techniques, size etc.)
- Advantages and disadvantages of labor intensive and capital intensive project.
- The project is funded through collaboration of foreign and local investors is called joint venture project.
- Classification of project based on size and scale
MCQs
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Subjective Questions
Q1:
Define vulvitis
Type: Very_short Difficulty: Easy
Q2:
Define vulvitis. Explain its causes, symptoms and management
Type: Long Difficulty: Easy
<li><strong>Vulvitis</strong></li>
</ul>
<p>The inflammation of external female genital organ (vulva) is known as vulvitis. There are various causes of vulvitis and types depend on upon the causes. Usually, the vulvitis is associated with vaginitis often known as vulvovaginitis.</p>
<p>Types</p>
<ol>
<li>Acute vulvitis: may be caused by gonococcal or pyogenic infection, bartholinitis, parasitic infection as trichomoniasis, fungal infection as monilial vulvitis, diabetic vulvitis etc.</li>
<li>Chronic vulvitis: is usually associated with other diseases as tuberculosis, leprosy, syphilis, dermatological lesion of the vulva etc.</li>
<li>Contact vulvitis: this is usually associated with allergic reaction to underwear, soap, detergent, and medicine, pollutants etc. in this condition, there is reddening of the vulvar skin and vestibule without accompanying vaginitis.</li>
</ol>
<p><strong>Sign and symptoms</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Itching and burning sensation on the vulva</li>
<li>Pain</li>
<li>Redness, edema</li>
<li>Discharge from vulva</li>
<li>Exudation and furunculosis seen in diabetic women</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Treatment and management</strong></p>
<ol>
<li>Identify underlying causes of vulvitis and treat it accordingly.</li>
<li>Local steroid ointment application can relieve the itching sensation</li>
<li>Avoidance of allergen in contact vulvitis.</li>
</ol>
<p><strong>Pruritus vulva</strong></p>
<p>Intense itching sensation with a desire to scratch the vulva is known as pruritus valve. Vulvar irritation is not the same as pruritus, but it is a painful condition associated with burning sensation. Prolonged or severe pruritus can eventually lead to vulva irritation through scratching and abrasion</p>
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Classification of Project
1.2. Classification of Project
There arethe different basis to classify the projects. Projects can be classified as under:
A. According to the source of fund
i. Private sector project
The private sector bodies are responsible for the development and sponsor of the project. Examples- RB complex, Kathmandu mall, Apartments etc. Government sector project
ii. Government sector project
In developing country government is the major sponsor of projects. These are the basis of government developing plans. Examples- Road construction, school, health etc.
iii. Grant project
Investment in grant projects is not repaid by the government to the donor agencies.
iv. Loan project
Investment in loan projects is repaid by the government to the donor agencies.
B. According to foreign aided project
i. Joint venture project
The project is funded through the collaboration of foreign and local investors. They are based on ownership sharing. Also, they involve transferring of capital, technology, management. Example- Maruti-Suzuki.
ii. Bilateral project
The project is funded from the financial resources of the friendly donor country. Examples- JICA, KOICA.
iii. Multilateral project
This project is funded from the financial resources of multilateral agencies such as World Bank and Asian development bank. They are generally funded through loans. All UN agencies are multilateral.
C. According to Techniques
i. Labor intensive project
This project is labor based. Human labors are extensively used for implementation of the project.
Advantages
- More employment generation.
- Utilization of resources.
- More production at the cheaper rate.
Disadvantages
- It cannot be applied for the long run.
- No possibility of improving skills.
- Low capital formation.
ii. Capital Intensive Project
This project is technology based. Technology represented by machinery and computerization is extensively used for implementation of the project.
Advantages
- Applied for the long run.
- Technology transfer.
- Ease in capital formation.
Disadvantages
- Required huge amount of capital.
- Imbalance distribution of income in society.
- Centralization.
D. According to function
i. Disaster prevention projects.
ii. Development project.
iii. Service sector project.
iv. Research related project.
v. Environment-friendly projects.
E. According to scale and size
i. Mega project
A project involving huge investment and of relatively long duration (5 to 10 years) is called mega project. These projects require EIA. Example- Upper Karnali hydropower project.
ii. Major project
It is smaller in size and also less complex than the mega project. Example- Middle Marshyangdi hydropower project.
iii. Medium project
It is small in size than the major project. Examples- Khimti hydropower project. This project requires IEE (Initial Environmental Examination).
iv. Small project
It is the smallest project in size and also of short duration. Example- Manang hydropower.
v. Micro project
It is smaller than the small project and managed by community-based organizations. Example- Ghandruk micro hydropower project.
F. According to time frame and speed
i. Normal project
Normal time allowed for project implementation.
ii, Crash project
Saving in time is achieved by spending extra resources in terms of money, materials and manpower.
G. According to nature
i. Simple project
ii. Complex project
iii. Innovative
iv. Emergency
H. According to orientation
i. Product oriented project
The focus is on the technical part of the project. Examples- building, road, hydropower.
ii. Process oriented
No consideration is given to technical part. Examples- person focused training, repair of cement plant etc.
Bibliography:
IshwarAdhikari and Santosh Kr. Shrestha, “A text book of Project Engineering” 2011, Chandeshwori Publication, First Edition.
K. Nagarajan, “Project Management”, ISBN: 81-224-1340-4, New Age International (P) Limited, New Delhi, India, 2001.
E.R. Yescombe, “Principles of Project Finance” 2002, Yescombe-Consulting Limited.
Lesson
Introduction of Project and Project Management
Subject
Civil Engineering
Grade
Engineering
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