Tourism Typology

Tourism Typology

According to the Valene L. Smith (1989) on leisure mobility the tourist tourism typologies are:-

1. Cultural Tourism:-These types of tourism are those types of traveling activities where people/visitor/traveler travels from one place to another palace with an objective to learn the different cultures, lifestyle of the people living in a travelled destination with different religions. In this type of tourism, a visitor will see, learn and experience the different culture , lifestyles ,art and architecture and other elements related to an enhancement for the shape of the living style of the people from the travelled place, cities, countries, regions. It also focuses on the history of the people living in geographical areas. In this type of tour, there will not be a direct contact between the tourist and the local people of the traveled destination.

2. Ethnic tourism:- These types of tourism are created in a high interest of the visitor/traveller to visit the indigenous community/society. In this type of tour, tourist/traveller will observe the indigenous culture, their lifestyle, their arts, etc. Ethnic tourism is connected or is involve with an indigenous culture. In this tour tourists will visit the homes or the community of an indigenous people, they see their living style, they interact with the local people, they participate in their festivals and dances etc. Tourist also purchases some local goods from the local market. In this types of tourism, there will be a direct contact between a tourist and the local people and direct contact between them is very essential for the smooth conduction of ethnic tourism.

3. Historical Tourism:- The tour where peoples/visitors/traveller travels with an objective to observe the historical things of the travelled cities, region, countries etc. then it is known as a historical tourism. I Historical tourism refers to a kind of tourism, where the tour or tour group focuses on the history; history of some place, people, thing, or events. They go, see, study, discuss and experience places where historical things occurred. The places will be a portrayal of history of that country or the region and tells about the past happenings. Tourists usually visit those places of historical importance to know about the culture, tradition, past happenings etc. and get to know about the evolution and development of culture. This is an attempt to understand, the living environments and life – styles of ordinary people of the past, and present and interpret these in an interesting manner to the tourists. Places of important historical events, such as battlefields or sites where discovers and explorers landed, are also being promoted as tourist attractions.

4. Environmental tourism:- This tourism are those types of tourism where people/visitor/traveler starts visiting places for its uniqueness, many people engage in this practice as a get-together or united or “voluntourism” mission (this is a form of tourism in which people travel to a destination for a short period of time to volunteer in some capacity). Environmental tourism is a positive and strong support for the development and safety of the environment by the participation of the people travelling as a tourist/traveler/visitor. In the case of environmental voluntourism and development, this means people's traveling to an ecologically fragile part of the world to offer assistance in repairing, preventing and developing it such as cleaning an oil spill, water purification, noise control etc. The concept of environmental tourism was developed so that people will become more responsible and they will engage themselves with the ecological and sociocultural concerns environment of the world through firsthand experience by themselves , and they will be more active in making the change. The idea of people participantion in environmental prevention and conservation was evolved in the late 1980s. For the people Environmental tourism is not only an adventure gained helping to save the planet and each and everything on the planet, but it also increases the profitable and increasable travel industry to developing countries which are financially not that good, where jobs are scarce, where industries are trying to develop, where there is lack of technology and economies are struggling.

5. Recreational Tourism:- Those tours were the tour groups of tourist/visitor/traveler are traveling for pleasure, fun, enjoyment, relaxation, entertainment etc. are known as recreational tourism.In types of tour visitor of the tour group use various means for their journey such as automobiles, travel trailers, campers and boats for recreational travel for the smooth succession of the tour with full satisfaction of travelling. The main objective of recreational tourism is for the refreshment purpose. In this type of tour tourist/visitor are mainly focused on their refreshment and enjoyments for which the sightseen is a very important planned thing for the smooth success of recreational tourism.

Other types of tourism typology are given below:-

1. Village Tourism:- It is a type of tourism involving daring activities or traveling to remote areas, where the traveler should expect the unexpected things.This type of tourism is rapidly growing in popularity as a traveller travelling to their unusual holidays, which would be very different from the typical beach and luxurious vacation.Paragliding, bang jump, hiking etc. and for these all activities they have to be physically fit. Tourist will visit to a rural area and mountainous area.

2. Health Tourism:- If a person travels from one place to another or one country to another of an objective of medical treatment then this types of the tour is known as health tourism. If there is a transfer order from a hospital to another hospital of another place due to some specific reason, a travel for that treatment purpose is defined as health tourism respectively. It is a wider term for traveling that is based on medical treatments and the utilization of healthcare services respectively. For example Some people travel to obtain medical surgeries or other treatments. Some people go abroad for dental tourism of fertility tourism.People with rare genetic disorders may travel to another country, Some people go for the treatment of cancer because of the lack of a better hospital in their own residence place or because of the better treatment facility of a travelled destination’s hospitals etc.

3. Educational Tourism:- A tour or travel made for an educational purpose is known as an educational tourism Following activities are done under an educational tourism which are listed below:
   • Alternative ‘spring break” travel experiences also come under an educational tourism.
   • School trips for an educational purpose.
   • Adventure camp.
   • Study trips.
   • Study abroad experiences by travelling to another place or country.
   • Seminar Vacations and senior seminars for an educational purpose.
   • Skill enhancement vacations which also comes under an educational tour etc.

This types of tourism offers other major benefits and advantages. For the conduction of an educational tourism, it does not need to be weather dependent, in this case, a community does not need special geography and mostly all of the needed infrastructures is already place in order to take advantage of this products.

4. Sports Tourism:- A tour or travel which involves either observing , enjoying or participating in sporting events or games staying apart from their daily usual environment where they work and live. This type of tourism is a fast-growing and developing sector of the global travel and tour industry and equates to $7.68 billion.Sports tourism can be classified into four types, which are listed below:

• Hard and Soft Sport Tourism:- Hard and soft sport tourism is a combination of a people traveling for the participation in competitive and recreational sport events where “hard sport tourism” means the quantity or the number of people participating in a competitive sport events or games and “soft sport tourism” means the quantity or the number of people participating in a recreational sport events or games.

• Sports Event Tourism:- In this type of tourism the visitors will travel from one place or another place or from one country to another country or from one city to another a city to watch the sports events. For example Peoples of different nations of the world travelling to the destination whereOlympics and the FIFA World Cup will be held just to observe and enjoy those games.

• Celebrity and Nostalgia Sports Tourism:- When a person travels from one place to another place for observing the sports events and there they met some famous sports celebrities then it is known as celebrity and nostalgia sports tourism.

• Active Sports Tourism:-Inactive sport tourism people travels for participating in sports events or it refers to those who are participating in a sport or events. For example Bimal Ghati Magar travelling to China for an international football competition from Nepal.

5. Adventure Tourism:- A tourism involving exploration, daring, fun or travelling with the possibility of an actual risk and potentially requiring specialized skills and physical exertion is known as adventure tourism. In this types of tourism peoples/travellers wants to explore the participating and experiencing in adventurous activities like rafting, rock climbing, Paragliding, bang jump, hiking etc. and for these all activities they have to be physically fit. Tourist will visit a rural area and mountainous area. It is a type oftourisminvolving daring activities or traveling to remote areas, where the traveler should expect the unexpected things.This type of tourism is rapidly growing in popularity as a traveller travelling to their unusual holidays, which would be very different from the typical beach and luxurious vacation.

6. Eco-Tourism:- A responsible travel to natural and environmental areas or places that conserve and protects the environment for the well-being of the local people of the visiting areas is known as an eco-tourism. Eco-tourism involves interpretation, participation, and education where education is meant to be inclusive of both staff and guests. The main objective of eco-tourism is all about uniting conservation, communities, and sustainable travel. For the better and smooth success of eco-tourism those who implement, participate in and market ecotourism activities should adopt the following ecotourism principles:
   • Minimize physical, social, behavioral, and psychological impacts.
   • Build environmental and cultural awareness and respect.
   • Provide positive experiences for both visitors and hosts.
   • Provide direct financial benefits for conservation.
   • Generate financial benefits for both local people and private industry.
   • Deliver memorable interpretative experiences to visitors that help raise sensitivity to host countries' political, environmental, and social climates.
   • Design, construct and operate low-impact facilities.
   • Recognize the rights and spiritual beliefs of the Indigenous People in your community and work in partnership with them to create empowerment.

7. Sustainable Tourism:- These types of tourism is an industry committed to making a low impact on the environment and local culture while helping to generate future employment for local people. Sustainable tourism ensures that development is a positive experience for local people, tourism-based companies and visitor or tourist themselves. Sustainable tourism tries to make a positive impact on an environment, socio-culture and economy. It also cares about the high satisfaction of the visitors and also host communities.

8. Festival Tourism:- Festival tourism is a type of tourism where people travel from one place to another place with a purpose of attending and enjoying the cultural or music festivals. In this types of tourism sporting and religious pilgrimage are not included. Tourist feels very interested in such types of the tour because in this types of the tour they can actually enjoy and gather lots of memories.

9. Shopping Tourism:- An industry of which it focus on the relationship between customers who select an available goods or services and purchase some selected goods or services among them, maximum of it which are mainly for recreational, leisure, or business purposes and retailers or the service providers who present all these goods or services to the customers is known as a shopping tourism.Shopping can be part of the travel experience and enjoyment or the primary and important focus of travel or shopping can also be major motivations for a leisurely travel trip whereas the tourists always look for exciting opportunities to shop while travelling.

References:

1. A.K.Bhatia. Tourism development Principles and Practices. New Delhi: Sterling Publisher Pvt.Ltd, 2009.
2. Pariyar, P. 2011. A DECADE OF TOURIST ARRIVAL IN NEPAL : A Project Work Report , BBS final year, Finance group (Tourism) Faculty of Management , Public Youth Campus, Dhobichaur, Kathmandu, Nepal
3. Limbu, B. "Tourism." Tourism. 20 12 2010.
4. Runckel, Charles. www.Business-in-Asia.com. 2007. <http://www.business-in-asia.com/asia/medical_tourism.html>.