Components of Tourism (4A’s Dimension)

1. Attraction:

Attraction is one of the major elements of the tourism industry. It motivates people/tourist to travel towards it because of the existence of attraction. People are attractive and make the decision for their travel to that particular tourism product. Travel has to be present at the product area, the attraction of that area has to support the expectation of the tourist. It is the major element which determines the choice and decision of traveler to travel. Attraction is considered to be a basic motivating factor for the travelling people. It is the research that which we have to convert into activity by publishing to potential traveller. Along with this, attraction helps to create the desire to travel. It is also considered as the per-travel condition of the tourism industry. In another word we can attract people for their leisure and pleasure and which is the very sensitive important element of tourism. There are three types of attraction, which are listed below:

• Man-Made Artificial Attraction:- These are the sites modified or developed by people due to Human civilization such as religious sites, historical sites, Archeological sites, monuments, cultural practices, museum, parks, sports, trade, exhibitions, iconography etc.

• Natural Attraction:- Those are modified natural beauty or natural resources or gifted by nature. For example Flora and Fauna, deserts, mountain, dense forest, caves, waterfall, and spas, national parks, rivers etc.

• Supplementary attraction:- Those are created to highlight or increase the magnetic power and attachment power of natural and man-made attraction with people. The main motive of the attraction is to facilities the tourist travelling towards any types of above to attract such as hospitality, spa or venue, services, rest house, parking loaded, communication facilities etc.

2. Accessibilities/Transport:

A destination is in much respective defined by its ability t provide appropriate visitors access. Transport is acknowledged is one of the most significant factors to have controlled the international development of tourism. It provides the essential link between the origin of traveller and the tourist destination or facilities. Transportation is the way or tools which are being used bu holifay makers or business traveller to get to the desired place of the tourism destination. Transportation is also considered as a tourism product itself. Generally, means of transportation are tourism product on their own which is consumed by the travelling people. Out of total travelers budget, 60%-80% would come under the expenses of their means of transportation.

Transportation is the gateway of generally development of any area. It depends on geographical structural of an area, region or country. As we know, Nepal is a mountainous country, most or the land is covered by tough hills which have resulted difficulties in developing the means of accessibility in and around o four destinations, it is very challenging for travellers to use those routes. Development of accessibilities also dependents on different elements like policies rules and regulation, vision, economic status of a country etc. Tourism is the result of movement of peoples whose movement is always dependent able on accessibility. So, it is considered as backbone of total tourism industry.

Mode of transportation:

• Air transport:- It is the second fastest mode of transport. Commercial jets with the speed of about 955 per km/hours, 159 miles are a considerably higher speed of there is jet stream tail wild. While other normal airlines/aircraft reach up to 555 km/hours. The development in the field of air transport helping people to move from one to another place safety was within the short period of time. WTO estimate that globally as many as to local people are at the same flying on an aircraft. The issue and impacts from frequent travel particularly by air because of the longer distance are easily covered in certain hours which is called “Hypermobility” has been a topic of research of government. Some of the examples of air transport are airplane, helicopter, rocket etc.

• Road transport:- An identifiable route, way or path between two or more places is known as the road. It is typically smoothed, paved, or otherwise prepared to allow easy travel though they need not be, and historically all of the roads were simply recognizable routes without any formal construction or maintenance. In urban or rural areas, roads may pass through a city or village and be named as streets, serving a dual function as urban space easement and route.The most common road vehicle is the automobile; a wheeled passenger vehicle that carries its own motor. Other users of roads include buses, trucks, motorcycles, bicycles and pedestrians. As of 2002, there were 590 million automobiles worldwide. Road transport offers a complete freedom to road users to transfer the vehicle from one lane to the other and from one road to another according to the need and convenience. This flexibility of changes in location, direction, speed, and timings of travel is not available to other modes of transport. It is possible to provide door to door service only by road transport. Automobiles offer high flexibility and with low capacity, but are deemed with high energy and area use, and the main source of noise and air pollution in cities; buses allow for more efficient travel at the cost of reduced flexibility. Road transport by truck is often the initial and final stage of freight transport. Some of the examples of road transport are: bus, truck, car, motorcycle, jeep, van etc.

• Rail transport:- Rail transport is where a train runs along a set of two parallel steel rails, known as a railway or railroad. The rails are anchored perpendicular to ties (or sleepers) of timber, concrete or steel, to maintain a consistent distance apart, or gauge. The rails and perpendicular beams are placed on a foundation made of concrete or compressed earth and gravel in a bed of ballast. Alternative methods include monorail and maglev. A train consists of one or more connected vehicles that run on the rails. Propulsion is commonly provided by a locomotive that hauls a series of unpowered cars, which can carry passengers or freight. The locomotive can be powered by steam, diesel or by electricity supplied by trackside systems. Alternatively, some or all the cars can be powered, known as a multiple units. Also, a train can be powered by horses, cables, gravity, pneumatics and gas turbines. Railed vehicles move with much less friction than rubber tires on paved roads, making trains more energy efficient, though not as efficient as ships. Intercity trains are long-haul services connecting cities modern high-speed rail is capable of speeds up to 350 km/h (220 mph), but this requires the specially built track. Regional and commuter trains feed cities from suburbs and surrounding areas, while intra-urban transport is performed by high-capacity tramways and rapid transits, often making up the backbone of a city's public transport. Freight trains traditionally used box cars, requiring manual loading and unloading of the cargo. Since the 1960s, container trains have become the dominant solution for general freight, while large quantities of bulk are transported by dedicated trains.

• Water transportation:-The intentional movement of water over large distances is known as water transportation. Water transportation is also very common along rivers and oceans.Some of the Methods of water transportation fall into three categories which are listed below:

1. Aqueducts, which include pipelines, canals, and tunnel is a way of water transport,
2. The second category of this transportation is container shipment, which includes transport by tank truck, tank car, and tank ship, and
3. The last category of this transportation is towing, where a tugboat is used to pull an iceberg or a large water bag along behind it etc.

3. Accommodation:

It is a major concern of every traveller whether looking for to pitch attends or luxuries sweet room in a dilux resort. When a tourist leaves his home for any particular destination, he would need somed kind of safe shelter to spend a night or to take in the destination, which means without having the shelter in or on the way to the destination, any tourist would not start his journey towards such destination. It means that once there is an avaibility of attraction and access to any area, we should develop accommodation facility as well to promote that area as the tourism destination.

Accommodation constitutes a vital role and fundamental part of tourist supply as well an important feature of the total tourism image of the country and the destination. The accommodation sector thus constitutes most important segments in the field of the tourism industry. Unlike, other elements (attraction and accessibility) accommodation is another important and unavoidable element of tourism. Tourism is to a great extent depends on the type and quality of the accommodation.

There are two major types of accommodation facilities i.e. service accommodation and self-service accommodation. Based on these two major types we can categorize the accommodation facilities further as:

• Hotels
• Hostels
• Lodges
• Vacation renters
• Resorts
• Motels
• Innis
• Floatels
• Car campaigns/caravan
• Home stays
• Hospitality
• Campaigns(tents)

4. Amenities:

Amenities are the services require to meet the needs of tourist while they are away from their home. These services generally used to give added value to the destination. They are also defined as supplement services or activity which supports traveller to consume main tourism product. Those amenities include restaurants and food, Bar facilities, communication facilities, emergency services, casino, retail shops/store, hospitality services, local transportation, guide service etc.

Because many activities are considered as the amenities being using by local people in a destination and to be shared with the traveller, the high degree of the corporation is needed for the management of amenities in supplying to local peoples and tourist.

Besides the four major components recently another component,”A” has been added to major elements. These days most tourism organization considered that there are five major components to tourism i.e. Awareness.

5. Awareness:

Having the best attraction, access, accommodation, and amenities for any particular destination are totally useless if the awareness factor is missing. People should be aware that there is the existence of four components for any particular destination to develop a third of travelling. Awareness in this sense has three different meaning, “Firstly the local population must have the positive attitude towards tourism if the local communities see the tourist as a terrorist than this will have a negative impact which information should be in access of travelers.

Secondly, these in the front line of tourist i.e. who directly interface with tourist most have the strong positive attitude towards them. Traveller most is aware that the service provider to the tourism is competent enough to deliver the services such as accommodation, transportation, and others. Thirdly people should be aware of the existing tourism market. The destination or more importantly destinations image most be strange. Positive and friendly to influence to start travel decision process.

References:

1. A.K.Bhatia. Tourism development. New Delhi: Sterling Publisher Pvt.Ltd, 2009.
2. Pariyar, P. 2011. A DECADE OF TOURIST ARRIVAL IN NEPAL : A Project Work Report , BBS final year, Finance group (Tourism) Faculty of Management , Public Youth Campus, Dhobichaur, Kathmandu, Nepal
3. Limbu, B. "Tourism." Tourism. 20 12 2010.
4. Runckel, Charles. www.Business-in-Asia.com. 2007. <http://www.business-in-asia.com/asia/medical_tourism.html>.