Structure life cycle pathogenicity and control method of Schistosoma haematobium

Schistoma haematobium.

Schistoma haemotoxin important digenetic trematode, and is found in Africa and the Middle East. It is a major agent of schistosomiasis; more specifically, it is associated with urinary schistosomiasis. The adult is found in the venous plexuses around the urinary bladder and the released eggs travel to the wall of the urine bladder causing haematuria and fibrosis of the bladder.The bladder becomes calcified, and there is increased pressure on ureters and kidneys otherwise known as hydronephrosis.Inflammation of the genitals due toS. haematobium may contribute to the propagation of HIV. Studies have shown the relationship betweenS. haematobium infection and the development of squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder.

The structure and life cycle ofSchistoma haematobium.

Schistosoma haematobium is commonly known as blood fluke. It is a dioecious parasite commonly found in the human hepatic portal or pelvic veins. Some species are parasites in the vein of birds and mammals. It is peculiar in heaving separate males and female, but the two are found together in pairs.The female, a bit longer than the male, lives in the ventral groove of its male. The male is thicker than the female and permanently carries its female in the gynecophilic canal. The body surface is rough and spiny, and both have an oral sucker and an acetabulum.There is no pharynx, and the two branches of the intestine reunite in the middle of the body.The male has four tests; a short and joins a seminal vesicle which enters a penis, the opens by a gonopore below the acetabulum.

The female has elongated ovary above the point where the intestine caeca rejoin, from the ovary and oviduct passes in front.In the posterior part of the female is vitelline duct joins the oviduct, the oviduct meets an ootype surrounded by Mehlis, gland. From the ootype arises a straight uterus containing a few capsules, it opens by a female gonopore below the acetabulum.

After fertilization, the female leaves the male to lay eggs one at a time in a smaller blood vessel.The capsules lacerate the capillaries and reach the urinary bladder. the capsules lacerate the capillaries and reach the urinary bladder.The capsules hatch into miracidium snail and form sporocytes.

Diagnosis

The majority of diagnoses are made by examination of the urine for eggs. In chronic infections, or if eggs are difficult to find, an intradermal infection of schistosome antigen to form a heal is effective in determining infection. Alternate diagnosis can be made by complement fixation tests.

Prevention

The main cause of schistosomiasis is the dumping of human waste into water supplies. Hygienic disposal of waste water would be sufficient to eliminate the disease.

Immunopathology

The immune system responds to eggs in liver causing hypersensitivity, and eggs immune respond is necessary to prevent damage to hepatocytes.The host's antibodies which bind to the tegument of the Schistosome don't bind for long since the tegument is shed every few hours. The schistosome cam also takes on host proteins. Schistosomiasis can be divided into three phases:

• The primary phase lasting from penetration to maturity,
• The acute phase which occurs when the schistosomes begin producing eggs,
• The chronic phase which occurs mainly in endemic areas.

Pathology

The ova are initially deposited in the muscular Propecia which leads to ulceration of the overlying

tissue. Infection is characterized by pronounced acute inflammation, squamous metaplasia, blood and reactive epithelial changes. Granulomas and multinucleated giant cells may be seen.

Treatment

The drug of choice is praziquantel,a quinolone derivation.

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https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schistoma_haematobium