Respiratory system of Freshwater prawn.Palaemon.
Respiratory system of prawn is well developed. Gill or branchial respiration of pran is aquatic type It consists of respiratory organ and mechanism of respiration.The respiration organ consists of gill cover, epipodite, or gills or branches.
Summary
Respiratory system of prawn is well developed. Gill or branchial respiration of pran is aquatic type It consists of respiratory organ and mechanism of respiration.The respiration organ consists of gill cover, epipodite, or gills or branches.
Things to Remember
- Study of the respiratory system of freshwater prawn.
- Study of the respiratory organ related to gill cover, epipodites and gills of prawn.
- Study of Mechanism of respiration in prawn.
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Subjective Questions
Q1:
Explain the acute sinusitis in detail?
Type: Long Difficulty: Easy
<ol>
<li>Acute – inflammation of one or more of the sinuses.</li>
</ol>
<p>Etiology- The infective organism are streptococci, staphylococci or pneumococcal.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Cause- The common causes of acute sinusitis are obstruction of the paranasal sinuses, which books the secretion of the sinuses.</p>
<p>These secretion become infected. This will lead to the acute sinusitis.</p>
<p>Causes</p>
<ul>
<li>Rhinitis</li>
<li>Respiratory infection such as pneumonia</li>
<li>Abscess of teeth or tooth.</li>
</ul>
<p>Signs and symptoms :-</p>
<ul>
<li>Severe headache</li>
<li>Pain over the infected sinuses</li>
<li>Pain over the eye brows</li>
<li>Sinusitis</li>
<li>Dental pain</li>
<li>Cough</li>
<li>Obstruction of nose</li>
<li>Fever</li>
<li>Sore throat</li>
<li>General malaise</li>
<li>Nausea</li>
</ul>
<p>Medical management</p>
<ul>
<li>for infection antibiotics such as amoxicillin, augmentin</li>
<li>to relieve the pain analgesic</li>
<li>nebulization and steam inhalation</li>
<li>nasal spray</li>
<li>sinus x-ray</li>
</ul>
<p>Nursing management <br /> - Teach the patient about self care and about inhaling steam.</p>
<ul>
<li>Increased fluid intake and local heat application</li>
<li>Inform the patient about side effects of the nasal spray.</li>
<li>Explain the patient about early sign and symptoms of sinusitis and preventive measure.</li>
<li>Explain the patient about complications of the sinusitis such as meningitis etc.</li>
</ul>
Q2:
List the sign and symptoms of chronic sinusitis ?
Type: Short Difficulty: Easy
<ul>
<li>chronic nasal discharge</li>
<li>chronic cough</li>
<li>sever head ache</li>
<li>loss of ability to smell and taste</li>
<li>facial pain</li>
<li>nasal stiffness</li>
<li>fullness of the ears</li>
</ul>
Q3:
Explain the management and nursing management of sinusitis ?
Type: Long Difficulty: Easy
<ul>
<li>Antral irrigation</li>
<li>Antibiotics</li>
<li>Symptomatic treatment</li>
</ul>
<p>Surgical management</p>
<ul>
<li>Functional endoscopic surgery (FESS)- reestablishment of sinus ventilation and mucocillary clearance.</li>
<li>Caldwell- Lic surgery – an infection is made in to the gingival buccal sulcus anove the lateral incisor teeth under general or local anesthesia, and the disease mucosa is removed.</li>
<li>Ethmoidectomy – opening is made in the anterior well of the sinuses an infected contents of the sinus as spit out and the sinus is packed with antibiotic courses for about 48 hours.</li>
</ul>
<p>Nursing management</p>
<ul>
<li>The nurse should be tell to the patient numbness of the upper tip and teeth may be present for several month after this procedure.</li>
<li>After surgery liquids are given for at least 24hours and are followed by a silt diet for several days.</li>
<li>Nurse should tell to the patient should not chew on the affected side.</li>
<li>Maintain oral hygine.</li>
</ul>
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Respiratory system of Freshwater prawn.Palaemon.
Respiratory system of the Freshwater Prawn.
The respiratory system of prawn consists of respiratory organ and mechanism of respiration. The respiratory system is well developed in prawn and the respiration of prawn is an aquatic type.
[I]Respiratory organ.
The respiratory organ is a well developed and consists of the
(i) lining of branches stages,
(ii) three pairs of epipodites
, (iii) eight pairs of gills or branches.
These are sheltered in two large and compressed gill-chambers, one on either side of the thorax. Each gill-chamber is bounded by epimeron or lateral wall of thorax, and externally by the curving pleural side of carapace or branchiostegal.
(i) Branchiostegals or gill covers.
Gills covers are present on the lateral side of carapace. Each gill cover is externally bounded the gill chamber each of which covers 8 gills. Each gill chamber opens on all dorsally. The inner lining of gill cover is thin, membranous and highly vascular containing minute blood lacunae. These are constant contacts with the water current . Thus, they forming the respiratory surfaces which absorb oxygen dissolves in water and give out carbon dioxide.
(ii) Epipodite.
There is three pairs of simple, leaf-like, and highly vascular outgrowth of integument, given out from the coxal segment of three pairs of maxillipeds. They occupy the anterior part of gill chambers below the scaphognathite. Epipodites of the first pair are bilobed and larger than others. They also serve as the respiratory organs like primitive gills.
(iii) Gills or branches.
There are 8 gills inside each gill-chamber but only of 7 of them are exposed on removing the gill cover as the 8 gill lies concealed beneath the dorsal part of the2 gills.
(a) Types of gills.
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There are three kinds of gills according to their place of origin and attachment.
1. Podobranch or foot –gill.
There is 1 podobranch attached to the outside of the coxa of each second maxillipeds.It is attached to the coxa of the appendage called podobranch or foot-gill.
2. Author branch or joint-gill.
There are two arthro branches or joint gills in each chamber attached to the arthrodial membrane related to the third maxillipede. When the gill is attached to the arthrodial membrane joining of a limb with the body or connecting the appendage to the thorax is called arthrobranch or joint gill.
3. Pleurobranch or side gill.
There is 5 pleurobranch attached to the lateral side of the thoracic segments bearing five walking legs. When the gill is attached to the lateral wall of the segments heaving the limb, it is called pleurobranch or side-gill.
(b) Branchial chamber.
The number and the disposition of respiratory organs of each gill chamber can be represented in the form of branchial formula as shown as in the following table.
(c) The structure of gills.
The gills are more or less crescentic in shape. They gradually increase in size backwardly so that each gill is larger than the front one.The dorsal end of the each gill projects into the anterodorsal depression of the gill chamber, while the ventral end is close to the gill cover which lies at the lower margin .Each of the gills is attached in the middle to the thorax wall by a small connection called the gill-root, through which nerve and blood channels enter and leave the gills through the gill root. All the gill present in prawn is phyllo branch's, i,e each of the gills consists of two rows of leaf-like rhomboidal gill-plate arranged like the leaves of a book and lie at right angles to the long narrow axis or base of gill. The gill plates are largest in the middle but become gradually smaller towards the two ends of the gill. Between the two rows of gill-plates runs a deep median longitudinal groove which opens into the gill-chamber at both the dorsal and ventral ends of the gill.
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Histological structure of gill.
A gill plate is made by the single layer of cells with cuticle on both sides. A transverse section of a gill means that the axis or base is roughly triangular in outline. It consists of the central core of connective tissue enclosed by a layer of the epidermis which is externally protected by a thin cuticle. The cells are of two types. pigmented and transparent, alternating with each other.
(d) Blood supply in the gills.
Three longitudinal blood channels run through each gill base.There are two lateral longitudinal channels, running along the lateral margin, one on each side. The third is a median longitudinal channel, which runs through the apex of gill base below of the gill.The two lateral longitudinal channels are connected with each other by a series of small presents a ladder-like appearance. At the place of attachments of each gill plate on its axis, a lateral longitudinal channel is given off from each lateral longitudinal channel which runs along the margin of its gill plate and opens into the medial longitudinal channel.
(e) Blood circulation in the gills.
The deoxygenated or impure or non-aerated blood from the body is brought to the gill by an afferent branchial channel which enters the gill-root to open into a transverse connective lying just in front of it. the gill. The blood then flows into the lateral longitudinal channels and passes through the marginal channels and it reaches the median longitudinal channel.During the journey, the blood gets oxygenated. From the median channel, blood is carried by an efferent branchial channel to the pericardium.
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[II] Mechanism of Respiration.
The scaphognathite of each maxilla vibrates constantly causing a current of water in the gill chamber.The fresh water enters the gill chamber from behind in the form of a current along the posterior and ventral margins of the gill cover. The water then flows over the gills and epipodites and reaches the anterodorsal depression of the gill chamber where form it is expelled out at the anterior end by the baling action of the scaphognathite. The gills and epipodites are richly supplied with blood and exchanges of gases take place on the surface of gills and epipodites. The oxygen dissolved in water is taken in by blood and carbon dioxide diffuses out in the water.
Reference.
Aggarwal Sarita. A Text Book of Biology, New Delhi.: Madhuban Educational Books, 2011.
Bhamrah, H.S., and Kavita, Juneja. A Text Book of Invertebrates, New Delhi: Anmol Publications Pvt Ltd, 2011.
Jordan E.L. and P. S., Verma. Invertebrate Zoology, New Delhi,: S. Chand and Company Pvt. Ltd., 2011.
Kotpal, R. L., Modern Text Book of Zoology: Invertebrates, New Delhi, India: Rastogi Publications,2011.
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Lesson
Arthropods
Subject
Zoology
Grade
Bachelor of Science
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