Level of research,and Research design

Rigor in research.

The term rigor is used to refer to the extent to which the method employed strictly the fundamental method. Or the-the term rigour refers to the sharpness of the or deepness of the research as measured by extending employed in the researcher process. There are three levels in rigor process.

1.First level 2.Second level and3. third level.

First level.

This level, the method offers a quantitative of a narrative approach to the analysis of variables.

Second level.

At this level, the measurement of variables in more quantitative forms begins to play important pare in the research Certain research variables and to establish the relationship among the variable.

Or

At this level, an attempt is done to measure the things and events in more quantitative form. Here, the emphasis is done to measure and manipulate certain variables and to established relationship. Such methods enable use to establish the causal relationship between the variables.

Third levels.

Here the research is carried out using the scientific method.It is concerned with the manipulation of varieties and researching causal relationship. At this level, research is carried out in the lab or in controlling field setting.

Or in this level researcher are conducted using the most sophisticated scientific method as in lab oriented science. Here the research is concerned with the manipulation of the variable and establishment of the causal relationship.The variable which has the impact on generation certain phenomenon are critically examined to find out what kind of relationship existing among them.If the purpose of research is to find out the answer to research questions why, where, what, then the researcher at this level is necessary.

Research design.

It is the plan structure and strategy of investigation to obtain an answer to research questions and to control variance.

It is the plan for collected and analysing data in an economical and relevant manner.The plan is overall scheme or program of the research.

The structure is the outline, the scheme, the model of the operation of the variable.It is more specific than plan.It is a conceptual structure within which research is concluded.

The strategy included the methods to be used together and analyses.It is used more specific than plan.

The basic principle of research design is as for the

1. Defining the nature and scope of the problem.
2. Specifying the related variable.
3. Excluding the variable not relevant for the study.
4. Formulation of the logical hypothesis.

The purpose of the research design.

The purpose of the research design is to provide an answer to the research question and to control the variance.

2. It makes research as efficient as possible going maximum information with the minimum expenditure of effort time and money.
3. It provides the method of data collection and analysis.

It helps to meet the objective of the research.

5. It helps to decide about the availability of staffs time and money characteristic of a research design.

A good research design is often characteristics by adjectives like flexible, appropriate, efficient, economical, and reliable.The design which gives the smallest experimental error is a support to be the best design.

Review of the literature.

It is the consultation of previous studies related to similar areas the proposed study.It widens the vision of the research in the subject matter of the study.It is a very important step in research because it prevents duplications may assist in the refining of the statements of the problem familiarises with the various methods logic and can provide a convincing argument as to why this particular project is needed.

Objectives/ purpose of the review.

The major objectives of the reviews are to know about

1. Different researches that have been done in past in topics similar to the subject matter.
2. Approaches and methodologies adopted.
3. Finding results and theories adopted.
4. Agreements and disagreements in the findings.
5. Identification of key variables.
6. Limitation in courage scope, and operational definitions of key variables.
7. Suggestion areas for further studies.

Sources of literature.

The sources of literature are as follows.

1. Opinions and beliefs of key figures.
2. Scientific paper publishing or reputed journals.
3. Papers presentation in the seminar and workshops.
4. Paper publishing as occasional papers.
5. Publishing or unpublished thesis.
6. A report published by Governmental or non-governmental agencies.
7. Articles published in a newspaper.

Methods of obtaining the literature.

There are different several ways of obtaining appropriate relevant literature .They are for the following

1. To get relevant information from librarians.
2. To scrutinise the bi bilo graphics and reference in key research. Paper, and related standard books.
3. To consult with authorities and experts on the subject matter.

At present, bibliography and reference on different research topic can get by using internets.

The level of research.

All research does not take place at the same time.Some are high level and some are comparatively low level. The level of research differs from subject to subject.This occurs at the same stage of scientific sophistication. In a discipline such as physics concerned with space flight and travelling.The emphasis is placed very much on accurately predicting what will happen and how to control events. In contrast, the research in the wildlife is focused on describing and understanding wildlife events. Thus, the stage of research differs from a different case. There is 4 level of research.

They are

1. Descriptive research.
2. Classification level.
3. Explanation level.
4. Prediction level.

Descriptive level.

This is the basic level of research whose researcher is concerned with the description of the events that exists around.

Classification level.

In this method, the researcher does a little bed deeper study of observation leading to the classification of the things he is studying on the basis of known natural characteristics.

Explanation level.

This level is higher level than the second level where the researcher provides an answer to different queries arising during the study.

Prediction level.

This is the highest level of research where the researcher using establishing theories and model predict a phenomenon or variable on the basis of another.This level offers some new prediction on the basis of the study.

Reference.

Kerlinger, F.N. Foundation of Behavioural Research. New Delhi: Surjeet Publication, 2000.

Kothari, C.R. Research Methodology. India: Vishwa Prakashan, 1990.

Singh, M.L. and J.M Singh. Understanding Research Methodology. 1998.

Singh, Mrigendra Lal. Understanding Research Methodology. Nepal: National Book centre, 2013.