Spin Parity

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Subjective Questions

Q1:

Write are the assessment of personality in brief ?

Type: Long Difficulty: Easy

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Answer: <ol>
<li>
<h4>Interview</h4>
</li>
</ol>
This is the most common method of judging personality. The interview questions or lets the individual speak freely so as to get a clear picture of the individual . From what the client says, the interviewer knows about his interests, problems, assets, limitations etc.
<ol start="2">
<li>
<h4>Observation</h4>
</li>
</ol>
The individual is observed in various situations for several days together and some conclusions are arrived at. The client is observed by more than one person and the observations are pooled together.
<ol start="3">
<li>
<h4>Projective technique</h4>
</li>
</ol>
Projective tests focus upon what is inside a person rather than what can be saved in person’s behaviors. These tests, highly based on Freud's repression , try to find out the converter unconscious behavior of the individual. These techniques are based on the phenomenon of projection, assuming that people read their own feelings and needs into ambiguous stimuli are provided to the subject and he is asked to structure them in any way he likes. In doing so he unconsciously projects his desires, hopes, fears, repressed wishes etc, and thus not only reveals his inner or private world but also gives a proper clue to estimate his total personality. Here are some important projective methods:
<ul>
<li>Rorschach Test</li>
<li>Thematic Apperception Test</li>
<li>Word Association Test</li>
</ul>
 
<ul>
<li>Rorschach test</li>
</ul>
The Rorschach Inkblot Test is a projective psychological test consisting of 10 inkblots printed on cards (five in black and white, five in color) created in 1921 with the publication ofPsychodiagnostikby Hermann Rorschach. During the 1940s and 1950s, the test was synonymous with clinical psychology. Throughout much of the 20th century, the Rorschach inkblot test was a commonly used and interpreted the psychological test. In surveys in 1947 (Louttit and Browne) and 1961 (Sundberg), for instance, it was the fourth and first, respectively, most frequently used psychological test.
Despite its widespread use, it has also been the center of much controversy. It has often proven to be difficult for researchers to study the test and its results in any systematic manner and the use of multiple kinds of scoring systems for the responses given to each inkblot has led to some confusion.
A person is shown an inkblot printed on a card and asked, “What might this be?” The responses are usually recorded verbatim (nowadays often with a recording device), because they will be later scored by the psychologist.
Once each card’s responses is properly coded by a psychologist, an interpretative report is formulated based upon the responses’ scoring. The interpretative report seeks to integrate the findings from across all the responses on the test so that one outlying response is not likely to impact the overall test’s findings.
The psychologist will first examine the validity of the test, stress tolerance and a number of resources that available to the individual being examined versus the demands being made upon the individual at this time.
Next, the psychologist will examine the cognitive operations of the individual, their perceptual accuracy, flexibility of ideas and attitudes, their ability to temper and control their emotions, goal orientation, self-concept and interest and relationships with others. There are also a number of special indices that are used less often to determine suicidal ideation,depression, schizophrenia and other concerns. Usually, these things can be more quickly assessed through a clinical interview, but might help to flesh out areas of concern in an individual where some questions remain.
The Rorschach is not some magical insight into a person’s soul. What it is is an empirically-sound, projective testing measure that has been backed up with nearly four decades of modern research (on top of the existing four decades since the test’s publication in 1921). Through asking people to express what they see in a simple set of ten inkblots, people can often show a little bit more of themselves than their conscious selves may have intended — leading to better insights into the underlying motivations of the person’s current issues and behaviors.
 
<ol start="4">
<li>
<h4>Sentence completion test</h4>
</li>
</ol>
This test includes a list of incomplete sentences, generally open at the end , which require completion by the subject in one or more words. The subject is asked to go through the list and answer as quickly as possible. When the subject is asked to go through the list and answer as quickly as possible. When the subject is asked to complete without giving time to deliberate on it, it is assumed that his desires hope conflicts, frustrations fears, and annoyances. Here are some examples of the sentences used in sentence completion test:
I am worried over…………………….
My hope is……………..
I feel proud when…………………
My hope is …………………
The sentence completion tests are regarded as superior to word association tests because the subject may respond with more than one word also there is a possibility to have greater flexibility and variety of responses so more areas of personality may be tapped.

Q2:

Write the relation between personality and Nurse ?

Type: Short Difficulty: Easy

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Spin Parity

Spin-parity of ground state nucleus

With the introduction of spin-orbit force to the central potential ,the shell model only reproduced the magic number but also explains and predicts a large number of observed phenomenon in odd-mass nuclei.

Now in order to find the spin and parity of ground state nucleus ,the shell model is divided into two sub-models.They are

(i) Extreme single particle model (ESPM)

(ii) Single particle model (SPM)

(i) Extreme single particle model (ESPM)

If 'A' is odd, either Z or N is odd and one of them is unpaired. The spin-parity determined in Extreme single particle model (ESPM) through unpaired nucleon.The j_value of the unpaired nucleons gives the spin (1)^l be the party,Where 'l' is the orbital angular momentum quantum number of the unpaired nucleon.

(ii) Single particle model (SPM)

But if 'A' is even, we use theSingle particle model (SPM), of the nuclei with even A is even (i.e. even Z-even N) the total ground state angular momentum is zero.so spin is also zero.In an odd-odd nucleus, there will be definite total angular momentum which is the vector sum of odd neutron and odd proton j values.

The parity will be the product of the particles of protons and neutrons.i.e total parity = (_1)^l_n+l_p .The rule purposed by L.W. Nordheim are very helpful and useful in such a case ,

In this case ,we find at first the Nordheim's number (N_r)

$$N_r=(j_1+j_2)-(l_1+L_2)$$

where (l₁ j₁) and (l_2,j₂) are the (l, j) values of last odd neutron and last odd protons respectively.After then we get N_r=0 or ± 1

Case I Nr=0

we use strong rule, according to which total angular momentum quantum number of ground-state nuclei is,

$$j=|j_1 -j_2| \text{and hence the spin party will be } [(j, (-1)^{l_1+l_2}]$$

case II N_r =± 1

we use weak rule .Here |j₁- j₂|≤|j₁ +j₂| and the value of j tends to be maximum values .

J =|j₁- j₂or|j₁ +j₂| and parity = (-1)^l₁+l₂

Comparative study of ESPM and SPM

(i)Extreme single particle model (ESPM)

In this model,It is assumed that nucleons in the nucleus move independently in a common (mean) potential determined by the average motion of all the other nucleons. Most of the nucleons are paired so that a pair of nucleons contribute zero spin and zero magnetic moments. The paired nucleons thus form an inert core. The properties of odd a nuclei are characterizedby unpaired proton or neutron. In order to understand some of the propertiesincluding the magic number, two cases infinite square well and harmonic oscillator potentials are considered. In this case, we can obtain the exact solution.

(ii) Extreme single particle model (ESPM)

In this model, the nucleus with the same mass number 'A' is considered to consist of filled shells containing the maximum number of neutrons and protons allowed by Pauli's exclusion principle and unified shell contains 'loose' particles. In ESPM, all the particles with same (n, lj) have the same energy. In SPM, the particles state in the superposition of the wavefunctionof states whose energies are close to the one another. Such a procedure is called configuration mixing.

The Pauli's exclusion principle requires that the wavelength must be anti-symmetric under the interchange of all the coordinates of any pair of nucleons. Thus for the unfilled shell containing only protons, the angular momentum wave-function must be antisymmetric in all pairs. For the shell containing neutrons and protons both, the angular momentum function must be symmetric or antisymmetric for exchanges for the given pair demanding on the symmetry of isospin function for the same exchange.

The SPM is the simplest nuclear model obtained by applying quantum mechanics.

For ESPM, for odd 'A' the main idea is that nuclear or properties like spin-parity and moments are determined by the unpaired nucleons alone. This effectively reduces the many nucleon problems into a single particles problems.

ESPM	SPM
(I) In this model ,it is assumed that the nucleons on each nucleus on each nucleus moves independently in the common potential determined by the average motion of all other nucleons. potential determined by the average motion of all other nucleons.	(I) In this model,the nucleus with a mass number 'A' is considered to consist of filled shells containing the maximum number of protons and neutrons allowed by Pauli exclusion principles and the unfilled shell containing loose particles.
(II) In ESPM model, all the K-particles with same (nlj) have the same energy.	(II) In SPM, the particles state is the superposition of wave function of state whose, energies are close to one another.
(III) The model predicts tge ground state spin of odd-A nuclei .eg. $_7N^{14}$.	(III) For even nuclei (ODD_ODD) the spin-parity is determined by the single particle model by Nodheim's rule.
(IV) Most of the nucleons are paired s of that the pair of nucleons contributes zero spin and zero magnetic moments.	(IV) The properties of odd A nuclei are characterised by the number of unpaired proton or neutrons.

Lesson

Nuclear Models

Subject

Physics

Grade

Bachelor of Science

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