Detection of Parasites in Urine

Materials

Reagents

zero.eighty five% NaCl (isotonic saline commercially organized)

Substances

1. Disposable glass pipettes or plastic
2. Glass slides
3. Coverslips
4. Conical centrifuge tubes

Excellent manage

1. The saline should be clear and free of any visible infection.
2. The microscope has to have been calibrated in the ultimate twelve months, and the objectives and oculars used for the calibration method ought to be used for all measurements on the microscope. Calibration factors need to be pasted in the front of or at the frame of the microscope.

Procedure

1. If a 24-hour urine sample became accrued, allow the specimen to sediment for two hours, and decant the primary portion of the supernatant. There may also be one hundred to two hundred ml of sediment left. If a primary voided urine specimen is received, use the entire specimen.
2. The area the ultimate urine specimen (sediment) in centrifuge tubes.
3. Centrifuge the specimen at 500 x g for 5 min.
4. Decant the supernatant fluid.
5. With a pipette, blend and aspirate the sediment.
6. location a drop of the sediment on a microscope slide.
7. place a cover glass on top of the sediment.
8. take a look at the specimen under the cover glass at magnifications of x100 and x400. look at the whole coverslip at x100 and at least half the coverslip at x400.

Consequences

1. If motlie flagellates are visible (axostyle and undulating membrane), then trophozoites of T. vaginalis are present.
2. If stay microfilariae are visible, then verify or accomplish species identification by way of using a permanent stain including the Trichrome stain.
3. Eggs of S. haematobium are very functioned. take a look at the eggs for the flame hobby (motile cilia) or stay miracidia.

Reporting consequences

1.T. vaginalis

Record the organism. Do now not report the degree, in view that there is no acknowledged cyst stage for trichomonads. Do no longer quantitate.

2,Filariae

File the presence of microfilariae. Genus and species have to be suggested on the premise of a permanent stain. The organisms do now not want to be quantitated.

3.Haematobium

If eggs are present, file the genus and species and whether the eggs are feasible or nonviable.

Procedure

1. Specimens for T. vaginalis ought to be introduced to the lab as soon as possible for examination after collection. Specimens have to be held only at room temperature on the grounds that fridge temperatures could have a deleterious have an effect on at the organism.
2. Species identity of the microfilariae isn't to be executed on unstained preparations. A trichrome stain needs to be accomplished to make an identification right down to species.
3. Urine specimens are not to be collected in packing containers that have any type of preservative in them. it is clinically crucial that the viability of any S. haemotobium eggs be made. examination of those of eggs at x400 help in figuring out viability. The hatching test is an opportunity, however, is no longer executed in most laboratories.
4. S. mansoni and S. japonicum also can appear in the urine, although it is rather not likely. though, it's miles critical to take care in analyzing the morphology for accurate identity to the species stage.
5. Urine specimens which are extra than 24 hours vintage should be rejected.
6. 24-hour urine specimens that are older than 48 hours have to be rejected.

Boundaries of the manner

1. If the urine is left at room temperature or held at a low temperature for an extended duration, T. vaginalis may also round up, become nonmotile, and in the end die making them indistinguishable from white blood cells inside the urine.
2. If the affected person has a T. hominis infection inside the intestine and the urogenital specimen becomes contaminated with fecal fabric, a false positive T. vaginalis end result can be said due to the fact T. hominis and T. vaginalis are comparable in form.
3. Species level identity of the microfilariae can best be carried out by way of creating a permanently stained slide from the specimen.

Additional statistics

DNA testing is now available for the detection of Trichomonas infections. The affirm take a look at can come across simultaneously the presence of Trichomonas, Candidiasis, and Gardnerella to provide the clinician with a check result that effectively detects the three maximum common reasons of bacterial vaginosis in girls. The test has a superior sensitivity and specificity and is fantastically rapid.

Some of the possible parasites in specimen are tabulated below:

References:

D greenwood, Slack RCB and J Peutherer.Medical microbiology.2001.

JG College, AG Fraser and BP Marmion.Practical Medical microbiology.Fourteenth Edition. Churchill Livingstone, 1996.

JP Micheal, ECS Chan and NR Krieg.Microbiology.Fifth Edition. Delhi: Mcgraw-hill, 1993.

M Cheesbrugh.Medical laboratory manual for tropical countries.London, 2007.