Introduction to industrial microbiology.

Microorganisms are also known as the chemical factory to convert raw material into useful products, it may be possible to perform such reactions into large industrial scale if it's criteria are followed. Organisms, medium, and the products are the necessary criteria to perform such experiments.The microorganisms used in the industry are increasingly improved through genetic manipulation or through recombinant DNA.in recent years it has been found practicable to utilize nutrient containing wastes from a number of commercial operations, whey from the industry, sulfate liquor from the paper industry,and stick.

Summary

Things to Remember

Microorganisms are known as the chemical factory to convert raw materials into expensive useful matters.

Microorganism used in industry are called industrial microbes.

Industrial microbes are originally isolated from the environment.

Such microbes are further improved through genetical manipulation or recombinant DNA.

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Q1:

Write short notes on Antileprotic Drugs

Type: Long Difficulty: Easy

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Answer: <h3>Anti Leprotic Drugs</h3>
Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae. Host defenses are crucial in determining the patient’s response to the disease, the clinical presentation, and the bacillary load. These factors also influence the length of therapy and the risk of adverse reactions to medication.
<ol>
<li>
<h4>Dapsone</h4>
</li>
</ol>
It is also called DDS (diamino-diphenyl sulfone). it is the oldest and most economical bacteriostatic anti- leprotic drugs. It is chemically related to sulphonamides.
 
Mechanism of action
<ul>
<li>It is a bacteriostatic drug. It is a mechanism of action is similar to sulphonamide i.e. prevention of folic acid formation in the bacteria.</li>
</ul>
Indication
<ul>
<li>All forms of leprosy (Hansen disease)</li>
</ul>
 
Preparation
<ul>
<li>It is usually available in the form of tablet such as:</li>
</ul>
Dapsone tablet 50mg, 100mg
Dose
<ul>
<li>Adult: For multibacillary leprosy(by mouth): Dapsone, 100mg daily, plus Rifampicin 600mg once a month plus Clofazimine 300mg once a month supervised and 500mg daily.</li>
</ul>
For paucibacillary leprosy: by mouth Dapsone 100mg daily, plus Rifampicin 600mg once a month supervised for 6months.
Adverse effect
<ul>
<li>CNS: peripheral neuropathy ,paresthesia ,psychosis</li>
<li>Blood : haemolysis , methemoglobinemia</li>
<li>GIT : anorexia , nausea, and vomiting</li>
<li>Liver: hepatic impairment</li>
<li>Skin : rashes , exfoliative dermatitis toxic erythremia , erythema multiforme , toxic epidermal necrolysis , erythema nodosum</li>
<li>Miscellaneous: methemoglobinaemia, male infertility, sulfone syndrome. lymphadenopathy</li>
</ul>
Drug interaction
<ul>
<li>Rifampicin increases the hepatic metabolism of dapsone</li>
<li>Trimethoprim increases the serum level of the both drugs.</li>
</ul>
 
<ul>
<li>Contraindication</li>
<li>Pregnancy , lactation , G6PD deficiency</li>
<li>Precaution</li>
<li>Cardiac disease ,pulmonary disease</li>
</ul>
 
<ol start="2">
<li>Clofazimine</li>
</ol>
It is phenazine derivation drugs. This drug is used in combination with another agent for the treatment of leprosy. It produces bactericidal action .This drugs also has anti – inflammatory and immunosuppressive action.
 
Mechanism of action
<ul>
<li>It is phenazine dye, which binds to mycobacterial DNA, and thus inhibits template function. Thus, it inhibits mycobacterial protein synthesis and growth. It has also anti- inflammatory that suppresses skin reaction or erythema nodosum leprosum.</li>
</ul>
Indication
<ul>
<li>All form of leprosy (Hensen disease)</li>
</ul>
Preparation
<ul>
<li>Clofazimine: capsule(50mg, 100mg)</li>
</ul>
Dose
<ul>
<li>Adult: For multibacillary leprosy(by mouth): Dapsone, 100mg daily, plus Rifampicin 600mg once a month plus Clofazimine 300mg once a month supervised and 500mg daily.</li>
<li>For paucibacillary leprosy: by mouth Dapsone 100mg daily,plus Rifampicin 600mg once a month supervised for 6months.</li>
</ul>
Adverse effect
<ul>
<li>Red discoloration of skin and body secretion</li>
<li>Pruritus</li>
<li>Blue black discoloration of lesion</li>
<li>Dry skin</li>
<li>GI disturbance including eosinophilic enteritis</li>
<li>Giddiness</li>
<li>Headache</li>
</ul>
Drug interaction
<ul>
<li>Dapsone impairs anti-inflammatory effects of Clofazimine.</li>
<li>Isoniazid increases serum level of Clofazimine.</li>
</ul>
Contraindication
<ul>
<li>Hypertsentivity, pregnancy, peptic ulcer.</li>
</ul>
Precaution
<ul>
<li>Children under 12 years, pregnancy, lactating mothers.</li>
</ul>
 
 
<ol start="3">
<li>
<h4>Rifampicin</h4>
</li>
</ol>
It is a semisynthetic derivative of the complex macrocyclic antibiotic rifamycin obtained from a Streptomyces. It is an anti-tubercular drug that is also used against Mycobacterium leprae.
Mechanism of action
<ul>
<li>It binds strongly to DNA-dependent RNA polymerase thus inhibiting RNA synthesis in bacteria (Human RNA polymerase is not affected.)</li>
</ul>
 
Indication
<ul>
<li>Tuberculosis, Meningococcal infection</li>
</ul>
Preparation
<ul>
<li>It is available in the form of tablets such as Isoniazid 75mg+ Rifampicin 150mg</li>
</ul>
Adverse effect
<ul>
<li>CNS – drowsiness, headache, confusion, dizziness</li>
<li>Blood – thrombocytopenia, purpura, leucopenia, anaemia</li>
<li>GIT – abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhea, vomiting</li>
<li>Liver – hepatotoxicity, transient abnormalities in liver function test</li>
<li>Genitourinary – hematuria, haemoglobinuria, acute renal failure</li>
<li>Skin – urticaria, skin rash</li>
<li>Respiratory – collapse shock, common cold-like symptoms</li>
<li>Miscellaneous – osteomalacia, porphyria, flulike syndrome, body secretions may get red colored etc.</li>
</ul>
Drug interaction
<ul>
<li>The action of contraceptive pills is reduced by it.</li>
</ul>
- Rifampicin induces liver enzyme which decreases the plasma concentration of the Nifedipine, Digoxin, Corticosteroids, Oral anticoagulation, ketoconazole
- It increases the metabolism of Fluconazole, Ketoconazole, and Haloperidol.
- The drug induces hepatic enzymes that accelerate the metabolism of several drugs including corticosteroids, digitalis, glycosides, oral hypoglycemic.
Contraindication
<ul>
<li>Pregnancy</li>
<li>Jaundice</li>
<li>Porphyria</li>
<li>Hepatic impairment</li>
<li>Elderly</li>
</ul>
Nursing management
<ul>
<li>Strong emotional support should be given to leprotic patients. They should be made to feel no sense of discrimination because of this disease.</li>
<li>Clofazimine causes discoloration of skin as well as coloration of various secretion of body fluids. These effects should be mentioned to the patients who can otherwise be very scared due to these effects.</li>
<li>Clofazimine increases the blood glucose. So, that glucose test in blood is necessary.</li>
<li>For multibacillary leprosy, drugs should be continued for a minimum of 2years. For paucibacillary leprosy, treatment should be given for six months.</li>
</ul>

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Modern Treatments for leprosy

Introduction to industrial microbiology.

Introduction.

Many substances of considerable economic value products of microbial metabolism.From an industrial viewpoint, the substrate may be regarded as a raw material and the microorganisms as the "chemical factory" for converting the raw material into new products.If an organism can be shown to convert inexpensive raw material into a useful product,it may be feasible to perform this reaction on a large industrial scale if the following conditions can be met.however, an organism must posses three outstanding qualities in order to bc utilized in industrial production;

1. The organism must be able to grow rapidly in suitable organic substrates and must be capable of being cultivated in a large quantity,

2. The organism must be able to maintain physiologicalconstancy under this condition to produce appreciable amounts of the product,

3. The organism must be able to convert raw materials into products under simple and workable modifications of environmental conditions.

The Organism.

the organism to be employed must have the capacity to produce appreciable amounts of products.It should have relatively stable characteristics and the ability to grow rapidly and vigorously,and it should be non-pathogenic.h

The Medium.

The medium including the substate from which the organism produces the new product must be cheap and readily available in large quantities.

The Product.

A feasible method of recovering and purifying the desired end product must be developed.Industrial fermentations are performed in large tanks,some with capacities of 190,000litres or more.the product formed by the metabolism of the microorganism must be removed from a heterogenous mixture miscellaneous chemicals such as acetone and butyl alcohol.y

Industrial Microbes.

Microorganisms used in industry was originally isolated from nature,but they are increasingly "improved"by genetic manipulation through mutagenesis and selection or through recombinant DNA technology or protoplasm fusion of fungi.The quality of organisms that are useful in industry are as follows;

it must produce useable substance.
Must be available in pure culture.
Must be genetically stable and can be genetically manipulated.
It must produce spores or other reproductive structures to allow easy inoculation.
Grow rapidly and produce product quickly in large scale culture.
Grow in such a way that the cells are easily separated from the product.
Not be harmful to humans or agricultural plants and animals.etc.

A commercial substance produced by microorganisms.

Name of microorganisms.	Substance produced.
Aspergillus Oryza.	Protease
Clostridium acetobutylicom.	Butanol and acetone
Xanthomonas tapestries.	Xanthan gum
Corynebacterium glutamicum	Glutamate
Escherichia coli.	Interferon

Antibiotics produced by Microorganisms.

Name of Microorganism	Name of Antibiotics.
Penicillium notated.	Penicillium
Streptomyces griseous.	Streptomycin
Streptomyces venezuelae	Chloramphenicol
Streptomyces aureofaciens	Teyracycline
Bacillus coliseums.	Colistin
Penicillium griseofulvum	Griseofulvin

Enzymes produced by microorganisms.

Name of Microorganism.	Name of Enzyme
Candida sp.	Lipase
Aspergillus sp.	Pectinase
Bacillus substilis	Protease
Saccharomyces sp.	Sucrase

Single Cell Protein.(SPP)

The term single cell protein is used to refer to microbial biomass grown specifically as a source of protein food for humans or animal.Many microorganisms are suitable for this process,including algae,fungi, and bacteria.Microorganisms are used as a source of protein because they have rapid growth rate,and the microorganism can utilize the economically less valuable product to synthesize protein.Microorganism used for SCP are; Candida utilises, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Fusarium gramineous and Chlorella sp.

Preteen.

It is a type of bacteria,Methylophilus methylotrophic is capable is feeding on methanol as its source of carbon.As a result, bacteria grow and the biomass produced is trade named as Preteen and is marketed as animal feed.Many substrates like whey,molasses,sulphite,liquor,waxy waste products can be used for single cell protein production.

References.

C.H.Collins. (1995). Microbiological Methods. Oxford Univ Press.

D.Greemwood, R. S. (2002). Medical Microbiology. London: Churchill Livingstone.

M.J.Pelezar. (1993). Microbiology. Tata McGraw hill.

M.T.Madigan, J. a. (1997). Biology of microorganisms. London: Prentice hall International Inc.

R.N.Atlas. (1984). Fundamentals and Applications. NewYork: MacMiHiam Publishing Co.

Lesson

Scope and applications of microbiology

Subject

Microbiology

Grade

Bachelor of Science

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