Newer microscopy techniques and microscopes

Microscopy

As a beginning microbiology student, you will develop basic microscopy skills that have been used for years by a microbiologist.Put simple microscopy is the use of microscopes in all their various forms.Although you will perform most,if not all, of your examinations using bright field microscopy,it is possible to use the light microscope to perform different functions,such as bright brightfield,darkfield,fluorescence and phase contrast microscopy.Scientists continue to refine and develop light microscopy technique that performs additional specialized functions,such as measuring biochemical processes as they occur within living cells.

Newer microscopy techniques and microscopes

The betterment of the electron microscope,scientists put forward the term microscopy to the limits of known technology. The computers, electronics, and chemistry have been used by them to improve the image which is seen and to acknowledge of the cell activities at a molecular level. There are given a brief representation of some of the more recent innovations; somehow, there are the new creation of something is being reported with considerable frequency. Although this type of technology is recently being used primarily on eukaryotic cells , an extra application will contain the study of prokaryotes. Among them, two of the newer light microscopy methods have been added both to the cameras and the computers to their lenses and also to the light source. Video-enhanced contrast microscopy displays more information which ordinary light microscope because of the multiple images are captured on videotape. A computer which is able to enhance contrast by joining that images and subtracting the incidental information also situated in the specimen. Low-light dose microscopy uses weakly fluorescent marker dyes that attach to specimen parts of the cell,and a computer that enhances the fluorescent signals given off as biochemical processes take place in the cell. For such type of example, the chemical utilized as a marker fluoresces differently at the different pH values, the pH-changing metabolic activity inside cells is detected by researchers.

A method which is generally known as immunoelectron microscopy gets temporarily some of the technology which is used in fluorescent antibody techniques. The antibodies which are attached to the particle of gold are mixed with cells. They can attach either to the cell surface or to other antibodies already close to cells,that type of gold particles seems as black dots within or on cells when to see through an electron microscope. By the help of choosing specific antibiotics, researchers can detect with structures within microorganisms are yield certain chemicals. The specific antibodies can attach to specific cell structures or to specific cell products like certain enzymes.The technique can also differentiate dangerous types of an individual microorganism from these types of microorganism do not cause diseases. Like example, some candida Albicans types are more often related to disease than others,and immunoelectron microscopy can distinguish between these two types of groups of yeast on the basis of the chemical they produce.

The scanning tunneling microscope also applies electrons rather than light, but they are used otherwise from those in TEM and SEM. An extremely sharp needle rides above the surface being scanned much like a photography needle on the record.Electrons moves between the measuring the current necessary to keep the needle,and researchers obtain an image by measuring the current necessary to keep the needle a constant height above the specimen.Rather than give the image of the whole microorganism or other material,this technology late individual atom on surfaces.Related to this microscope is the atomic force microscope,which applies a force between the needle and the surface.

Some of the latest microscopy techniques are neither electrons nor light waves.In 1988 scientists published the first image from a transmission positron microscope.Still experimental,this microscope uses a beam of positrons (atomic particles emitted by some radioactive material) rather than electrons to create an image.Also in 1988, researchers invented the microscope that shows the viewer moving the object while blocking the image of stationary objects a technique useful for finding motile microorganisms and debris.the microscope use laser light to produce hologram creating a trail as it is recorded.

About the knowledge of microbiology which has been used to medicine, techniques now similar in medicine are being part of the microbiology. Nowadays microbiologist starts microsurgery on cells,by using the microscope equipped with micro-instruments to manipulate single cells. Image method used in hospital and medical clinics to pick up the picture of internal organs are being moved around into microscopy tools. X-ray microtomography utilization of x-ray to produce three-dimensional images of objects that are only micrometers in size.However,the necessary concentration of X-ray kills living organisms, and so the technique is somewhat limited.Another technique that may be more promising is based on principles of magnetic resonance imagining,in which magnetic fields force electron in living tissue to shift position.When they return to their original location,computers help create an image based on the patterns of energy they release.

References:

Arvind, Keshari K. and Kamal K Adhikari. A Textbook of Biology. Vidyarthi Pustak Bhander.

Michael J.Pleczar JR, Chan E.C.S. and Noel R. Krieg. Microbiology. Tata Mc GrawHill, 1993.

Powar. and Daginawala. General Microbiology.

Rangaswami and Bagyaraj D.J. Agricultural Microbiology.