Source of Enzyme

Enzyme classification according to their sources:

Biologically active enzymes may be extracted from any living organism . A very wide range of sources is used for commercial enzyme production fromActinoplanes to Zymomonas,from spinach to snake venom. Of the hundred or fungi and yeast and over a third are from bacteria with the remainder divided between animal ( 8%) and plant ( 4%) sources . A very much large number of enzymes find use in chemical analysis and clinical diagnosis . Non- microbial sources provide a larger proportion of these ,at the present time. Microbes are preferred to plants and animals as sources of enzymes because:

1. They are generally cheaper to produce
2. Their enzyme contents are more predictable and controllable,
3. Reliable supplies of raw material of constant composition are more easily arranged ,and
4. plants and animal tissues contain more potentially harmful materials than microbes, including phenolic compounds (from plants) ,endogenous enzyme inhibitors and proteases.

Attempts are being made to overcome some of the difficulties by the use of animal and plant cell culture.

Animal sources :

Enzymes Source Industrial application

1) Catalase liver Food: milk, cheese, egg, beverage,salads.

2) Chymotrypsin Pancrease leather

3) Lipase pancreases food

4) Rennet abomasum cheese

5) Trypsin pancreas leather

Plant sources:

Enzymes Source Industrial applications 1) Actinidin kiwi fruit Food

2) a- Amylase Malted barley Brewing

3) b-Amylase Malted barley Brewing

4) Bromelain Pineapple latex Brewing

5) b-gluconase Malted barley Brewing

6) Ficin Fig latex Food

7) Lipoxygenase Soya beans Food

8) Papain Pawpaw latex Meat

(Microbial enzyme)

Bacterial enzyme;

Fungal enzyme:

Yeast enzyme:

The different organisms and their relative contribution to the production of commercial enzymes are:

Fungi=60%

Bacteria=24%

Yeast=4%

Streptomyces=2%

Higher animal=6%

Higher plants=4%

The great majority of microbial enzymes comes from the very limited number of genera of which Aspergillus,Bacillus, and Kluyveromyces species are predominant . Most of the strains are used in the food industry and have been derived from such strains by mutation and selection . There are very few examples of the microbial enzymes that are developed for only one task . The most shinning example of such type of developments is the production of high fructose syrup using glucose isomerase .

Producers of industrial enzymes and their customers will share the common aims of the economy, effectiveness, and safety and wish to have very high yielding strains of microbes. The high yielding strains of microbes make the enzyme constitutively and secrete it into their growth medium . If the enzyme is not produced constitutively ,induction must be rapid and inexpensive or become cheaper. The producer will aim to use strains of microbe that are known to be generally safer to use and high yielding. Users will pay little regard to the way in which the enzyme is produced but it will insist on having preparations that have a known activity and that activity is kept for a longer period or extended periods and stored at room temperature or with routine refrigeration to keep the strain safe.They must pay little attention to the purity of the enzyme preparation provided that it does not contain materials that interfere with their process. Both producers and users will wish to have the enzymes in the form that have the minimun hazard to handling and for the consumer to consume that product.

The development of commercial enzymes is a tough and specialized business that is usually undertaken by a handful of companies which must have high and perfect skills in following ;

1. Screening for new and improved enzymes,
2. Fermentation for enzyme production
3. purification of an enzyme in large scale
4. scale formulation of enzyme
5. customer satisfaction and liaison
6. Dealing with regular authorities.

Two main types of enzymes:

Generally, our body contains mainly two types of enzymes ie; Digestive enzyme and Metabolic enzymes. an enzyme can be defined as a chemical substance produced by biological organisms that act as catalyst that's why it is also called biological catalyst,that help to make occur the biochemical reaction faster in the body and increase the rate of catalytic and enzymatic reaction occurs in the living system. Without the enzyme, life could not function properly.Most of the enzyme reaction rates are millions of times faster than the un -catalyzed chemical reactions. Enzyme basically speeds up the different in the body .

1)Digestive enzymes:

The digestive enzyme is the enzymes that are used in the digestion of food and they are mainly produced by the pancreas and the liver.They help the digestive tract and stomach to digest and absorb the various type of essential nutrients. Digestive enzyme starts its work from the mouth because our digestion first occurs in our mouth as saliva begins the initial breakdown of food.There are mainly four types of digestive enzymes. digestive enzymes are diverse because they are found in saliva secreted by a salivary gland ,stomach secreted by the cell lining of the stomach, pancreatic juice secreted by the pancreas and in the intestinal secretion. Digestive enzymes can be classified based on their target substrate:

• Protease and peptidase break proteins into amino acids
• Lipase breaks fat into fatty acid and glycerol,
• Amylase breakdown carbohydrates into its simpler form like glucose,
• Nucleases break nucleic acids into nucleotides,

In the human digestive system, the main digestion occurs in the oral cavity, stomach, and the small intestine.

2) Metabolic enzymes;

We know that metabolism is the sum of all chemical transformation taking place in a cell or organisms,occurs through a series of enzymes catalyzed reactions that constituents metabolic pathway. The enzyme that takes part in the metabolism is called metabolic enzymes. Metabolic enzymes are produced internally and are responsible for the proper functioning of the body and proper running of the body at the level of the blood, tissues, and organs. Metabolic enzymes use protein,fat ,carbohydrates and transform them into the proper balance of working of cells and tissues.