Application of micro-meteorology to the Urban Areas

Application of micrometeorology to the urban areas

The urban areas differ from the rural areas in the surface material, surface shapes as well as in the heat and the moisture sources. In turn, these effects the radiation, visibility, temperature, wind, humidity, cloudiness and the precipitation. A city with the several million people and automobile and the industries emits the increased level of the atmosphere pollutants in the air and creates an urban aerosol which attenuates insulation. The aerosol is developed during the conditions of the stable air and calms i.e light winds condition. The urban aerosols reduce the isolation as well as the proposition of ultraviolet radiation more than the longer wavelengths. Hence, it reduces the number of the bright sunshine hours as well as the horizontal visibility.

Temperature normally is highest near the city center and the decline gradually towards the suburban areas. The differences are greater at the night than at the day. The cars factories furnace light and the people in cities area generates the enormous amount of the heat. Tall building and the paved streets and parking areas in the cities absorbs heat and obstruct cooling winds. Runoff from the rainfall at urban areas is so rapid that little standing water is available to cool the air through evaporation. This combination of the effects creates an urban heat island surrounded by the cooler suburban and the rural areas.

The net effect of the urban aerosols or the precipitation over the city and to the leeward is not clearly understood. But the proportion of the precipitation in the form of the snow appears to be less over the urban areas or the centers i.e due to the urban heat island whereas there is the greater incidence of the hail along the storm paths to the lee of the urban areas has over the adjacent rural land. The mean relative humidity in the city air is usually lower than in the surrounding area. Urban surfaces help to promote the rapid run off of the precipitation, whereas in the vegetation and the soil country retains the moisture for the evaporation for the period of a long time.

Application of micrometeorology for the welfare of the human beings

Human health, energy and the comfort are being affected more by the climate than by any other elements of the physical environment. Physiological functions of the human body respond to the changes in the weather and the incidence of the certain diseases vary with climate and seasons. Of all life forms, humans are the most adaptable to the varying atmospheric condition. Among the climatic element that affects the human body, the more important are temperature sunshine and the humidity. The wind exerts an influence largely through its effects on skin temperature and the body moisture the circulatory-respiratory and nervous system resists changes in the atmospheric temperature-pressure. Extreme temperature is the most common causes of illness related to weather. Heat stroke or hyperthermal develops when the body is unstable to the maintain its heat balance at high relative humidity and air temperature above that of the body. Atmospheric pressure and relative humidity changes appear to bear a relation to certain kinds of pains especially those associated with the respiratory infection and the muscular aches. Nutrition requirement in hot climate differs from those in the cold climate. Under the cold condition, the body requires a greater food intake to maintain the heat.

Application of micrometeorology for the welfare of animals

Domestic animals are highly dependent on the climatic factors that affect pasture or feeding crops. Fluctuation in the animal product frequently results from variation in the feed supply rather than from the direct effects of the climatic elements or the animals. All breeds have the optimum ranges of the climatic for the maximum growth and the development. The climatic elements which affect the livestock directly are temperature, light, precipitation, relative humidity, atmospheric pressure,wind and store and which effect indirectly through feed supply and those which influence plant growth or the spread of the insects and the diseases. High temperature generally reduces production and the reproductive capacity. For examples, a dairy cow produces the less milk when exposed to the high-temperature the optimum is about the 10-degree centigrade. Hen lays larger eggs in the winter. Sunlight and the duration of the daylight influence animals in several ways. Fertility is affected by the daylight especially in the poultry. i.e commercial poultry farmers commonly supply light to increase the egg production. The primary influence of the precipitation on the livestock is through its effects on feed. Very dry air i.e low relative humidity may cause discomfort winds and the high temperature also cause to increase the water requirements of the animals.

Scavenging process

Removal of the pollutants from the atmosphere is known as the scavenging process. The atmosphere has the capacity to absorb the huge amount of the pollutants including the particulate matter of the different gas and the chemicals. They are continuous, diffused, diluted, transported and finally deposited on the surface of the earth for the receptors. Pollutants have the different degree of the half-life ranging from day to day or with day to decades and the century. It is obvious that the most of the pollutants have the short half life days rather than the decades except for the fine particulate matter which may remain in airborne for long term or for the long period of life and the gases such as the CO which do not react radically. Most of the airborne disease causing pollutants eventually removes from the atmosphere by the process of sedimentation, reaction, dry deposition, wet deposition and due to the interaction with the certain earth surface.

Asian monsoon

There are mainly two types of the Asian monsoon they are:

1: Winter monsoon

2: Summer monsoon

Here is the short description of the two types of the Asian monsoon;

1: Winter monsoon:

During the winter, the intense cooling of the huge land mass of the Asia leads to the formation of the high-pressure system over the continent. The center of the usually strong anticyclone lies in the eastern Siberia and in the Peshawar in about 1035 to 1040 Mb. The adjacent oceans are warmer than the extremely cold continent. The whole of the north pacific and in the equatorial zone of the Indian ocean, there is the low-pressure center. During the winter season, Asia is the dominated by the high-pressure center from which there is an outflow of the air that spread towards the south and the southeast over Korea, China, and Japan. So the continental polar air sometimes becomes very steep which so the continental polar air, sometimes becomes very steep which results in high velocity oceanic low-pressure center termed as the winter monsoon or dry monsoon.

2: Summer monsoon:

In the summer the temperature and the pressure condition the Asian continent are reversed. In the season, the huge land mass of the Asia heats quickly and a strong low-pressure center develops over there. This development is reinforced by the inter-tropical convergence which reaches its maximum poleward migration to a position over the southern Asia. Thus, the low pressure attracts warm and moist air from the ocean. It may be pointed out that the tropical air masses which are unstable and full of moisture cannot yield precipitation. Precipitation results only when the moisture-laden winds are forced to rise by a land form barrier or any atmospheric turbulence.

References:

Miller, Jr. G.T. Living in the Environment. Wadsworth Publication, 2003.

S.C., Santee. Environmental Science. India, New Center: New Center Book Agency (P) Ltd, 2004.

T., Richard. Environmental Science Towards a Sustainable Future. India: PHI (P) Ltd., 2008.

Lal, D.S. Climatology, Sharda Pustak Bhawan, Allahabad.(2010)