Market and Political Culture, Management of Non-government Organizations

Market and Political Culture

The idea of political culture is taken to be a unique contribution of political sociology. The politics subjective that constitutes the core of political culture has long been a matter of great interest to political scientists.

Political culture is the collection of attitudes and orientation that people in a given society are able to develop towards objects within their political system. These orientations have three distinct dimensions, which are as follows:

• Cognitive
• Affective
• Evaluative

The cognitive orientations imply that the knowledge people have the object been set within their political system; the affective orientations refer to their feelings, the feelings either of attachment and involvement or of rejection and the evaluative orientation indicate their judgment on them to involve the use of values, feelings, and information.

It is by taking account into the three-dimensional orientations- cognitive, affective and evaluative that one may know the culture of politics of a society. The nature and extent of these orientations may vary from society to society and this is what Verba and Almond have classified political culture into parochial, subject and participant. The central characteristics of the parochial subjects political culture that differentiates it from the subject and participant types are that in this individuals have no cognition of the political system as such and as a result, they don't have any affective and evaluative orientations towards the political culture of the political system.

Verba and Almond list out the following mixed types of political culture.

• The parochial-subject political culture
• The subject tents to participant in the political culture
• The parochial participant political culture
• The civic culture in parochial of the subject culture, an individual has knowledge about a variety of government roles although he is mostly unaware and uncertain of the ways in which they can influence the political system.

To say that a political culture of the society will invariably be a mixed type, in a society different groups of people may have different types of orientations towards the political objects. The different group orientations which may not give rise to an integrated and coherent culture clearly makes a difference from one another we call them political subcultures. Political subcultures may grow on the basis of religion, caste, subcultures social class, language, generation, occupation and the subcultures sometimes play a well organized significant role and in case of some nations, it is impossible to understand the character of a political system without a thorough study, or knowledge of these subcultures.

Management of non-government organizations

The term, "non-governmental organization" is known to have come into use in 1945 because there was in need of the UN in order to differentiate in between rights for the intergovernmental agencies as well as the international organizations. At the non-government organizations, we can find all the other types of private bodies which are usually recognized as NGOs by the general. The first criteria for the nongovernmental organizations are these organizations need to be independent of every government control, it should not be seeking to challenge governments either as a political party or by a narrow focus on human rights, the non-profit-making and non-criminal.The majority of these organizations are mostly the charity organizations, and they would not fall under the category of the development-oriented NGOs. Here, the term NGO is mostly used for organizations other than charitable organizations. The structures of these NGOs differ from one another. With the rapid improvement in the communications, there are more locally-based groups, which are referred to as grass-roots organizations or community-based organizations, have become active at the national or even the global level. The increasing condition of the NGO occurs through the formation of coalitions with other NGOs for particular goals, such as in case of the Bam earthquake for example. A non-governmental organization(NGO) is basically a not-for-profit organization which is mostly independent of states and international governmental organizations in general. They are basically funded by the donations but some of the organizations avoid formal funding altogether and are run primarily by volunteers. These NGOs are highly diverse groups of organizations which are mainly engaged in a wide range of activities, and they take different forms in different parts of this world. Some of the NGO’s and the developmental organizations may have charitable status, while the other organizations may be registered for tax exemption based on recognition of social purposes. Other organizations may be fronts for political, religious, or other interests of the people in whole.

The Non-governmental organizations are particularly staffed by employees and volunteers working towards ideological, rather than financial, ends. Their founders are intense, creative individuals who sometimes come up with a new product to provide a better way to deliver existing goods and services. Moreover, these organizations are funded by donors, many of them poor or anonymous. Yet these attributes of the organizations should not be unfamiliar to economists. The development organizations and these NGOs, like domestic nonprofits, can be understood in the framework of not-for-profit contracting.Yes, the nonprofits do have the ability to distribute their provided profits to employees in the form of perquisites such as higher wages, other benefits such as the shorter hours, or better offices. This is because not-for-profit entrepreneurs have weaker incentives to maximize their profits,  because of this, they may be able to obtain a competitive advantage in a number of areas. The nonprofit organizations and other developmental organizations should be advantaged in providing goods and services where quality is difficult to verify.The people’s identification can matter here as well, the ideologically-driven entrepreneurs might face higher private costs to deliver low-quality products to the people.

References

World Culture in the World Polity: A century of International Non-Governmental Organization.

Bartlett, Lauren (2005). "NGO Update". Human Rights Brief

Davies, Thomas (2014). NGOs: A New History of Transnational Civil Society

Roberts, Susan G.; Jones III, John P.; Frohling, Oliver (2005). NGOs and the Globalization of Managerialism