International Personalities

Florence Nightingale was born on May 12, 1820 AD in Florence, Italy. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was born on October 2, 1869 AD in Porbandar, Gujrat, in North West India. This note has information about international personalities.

Summary

Things to Remember

Florence Nightingale was born on May 12, 1820 AD in Florence, Italy.
Florence Nightingale died on August 13, 1910 AD in London.
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, more commonly known as Mahatma Gandhi, was born on October 2, 1869, in Porbandar, Gujrat, in North West India.
Mahatma Gandhi was a person who proposed the view of “simple living high thinking”.
Although Gandhi was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize five times, he never received it.
Indians generally depict Gandhi as the Father of the Nation.

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Subjective Questions

Q1:

describe the evolution of industry.

Type: Short Difficulty: Easy

Show/Hide Answer

Answer: The evolution of business can be described as:
<ol>
<li>Handicraft Stage
<figure class="inline-right" style="width: 220px;"> <figcaption> </figcaption></figure>
</li>
<li>Guild System</li>
<li>Domestic system</li>
<li>Industrial revolution</li>
<li>Present stage Handicraft stage The handicraft stage was the beginning stage of industrial evolution. In this stage, manufacturing was limited to the human efforts to transform raw materials into finished goods. Local resources were the major source of raw materials. Products were exchanged with product and market was starting to develop. Capital invested was minimized.
 
Guild System It was the beginning of organized activities. There were two guilds, namely: merchant guild and craft guild. Merchant guildswas the association of merchants. It tries to regulate their business and standardize their products. Likewise,  the craft guild was the association of skilled craftsmen who tried to maintain the quality and quantity of production. Organized groups of traders, craftsmen, artisans used to collect various resources from the local areas and produced goods using them.
 
 Domestic System The concept of guilds was gradually declined and the industrial system is being started. Crafts men were not able to fulfill the unlimited and increasing wants of people by using the limited resource. People were employed and were paid according to the units of goods produced. However, salary was very low because the value of money was much higher at that time.  Industrial Revolution Industrial revolution refers to the drastic changes made in the field of production  and began with the replacement of the old system.  The major inventions and discoveries of this stage were stream engine, wave the machine, textile the machine, standardization of products, development of capitalism etc. There were numerous job opportunities. Salary was increased and quality was maintained. Present Stage Today's modern age  with industrialization, use of technology, computerization, modernization and automation have resulted in standardization, quality control, searching market and etc. The scientific invention and discoveries have brought many changes in industrial production distribution. There are a huge number of industries producing a large number of goods to meet a large amount of needs and wants by providing many jobs and salaries. </li>
</ol>

Q2:

Explain about the evolution of commerce.

Type: Short Difficulty: Easy

Show/Hide Answer

Answer: Commerce includes all those activities, which are concerned with the distribution of goods and services. The concept of commerce was developed gradually when people started to live in the river, bank and engaged in agriculture farming.   It has passed through a number of stages to reach the present level.  Following are the stages in the evolution of commerce:
<ol>
<li>Self-sufficient Economy;</li>
<li>Primitive Barter system</li>
<li>Money economy</li>
<li>Town economy</li>
<li>National economy</li>
<li>International economy 1. Self-sufficient economy At the beginning stage of commerce, people were self-dependent and  there were no surplus to be exchanged.  The production of goods was only to satisfy one’s need. 2. Primitive Barter system Primitive barter system is the real beginning of commerce.   People came to know that man is skillful in producing a few commodities. So, at this stage people started producing an excess of their needs what they could produce.  Those people who need the product used to buy the product by paying money. As the result of this rapid development change in commerce has come. 3. Money economy Money as the medium of exchange has played the significant role in the development of a business. That’s why money was originated. People developed coins but there was difficulty in large payment. So paper money was introduced. Those people who need the product used to buy the product by paying money. After the origin of money, national and international trade started. 4. Town economy  Money as the medium of exchange has played the significant role in the development of a business. At this stage, people were used to purchasing the product from different produce and brought them to specific place call row..The development of communication strain deportation facilities has brought many changes in a promotion of business. The town became the center of commercial activity.
 5. National Economy In this stage, buying and selling of goods and services were done within the country. The gradual development of production and distribution lead to expansion to expansion and growth of a business. The division of work and specialization helped producers to concentrate on few products only. There was also development in banking, advertising, insurance, warehouse, and other auxiliaries, 6. International economy The mass development of industry has led to the development of commerce at international level.  It is not possible for a country to produce all demanded goods according to needs and wants. Therefore the countries started to import the goods and other countries exported. Communication, net facilities, and modern transportation mean like road, seas, air transportation has played an important role in the development of an international economy. 
</li>
</ol>

Q3:

Describe evolution of industry and commerce briefly.

Type: Long Difficulty: Easy

Show/Hide Answer

Answer: Evolution of Industry The historical development of business and its processes of development up to now is called the evolution of business. The development of Industry can be started through five stages such as handicraft, an age of guild, domestic system, the industrial revolution and present stage. The evolution of business can be described as:
<ol>
<li>Handicraft Stage
<figure class="inline-right" style="width: 220px;"> <figcaption> </figcaption></figure>
</li>
<li>Guild System</li>
<li>Domestic system</li>
<li>Industrial revolution</li>
<li>Present stage</li>
</ol>
 Handicraft stage The handicraft stage was the beginning stage of industrial evolution. In this stage, manufacturing was limited to the human efforts to transform raw materials into finished goods. Local resources were the major source of raw materials. Products were exchanged with product and market was starting to develop. Capital invested was minimized.
 
Guild System It was the beginning of organized activities. There were two guilds, namely: merchant guild and craft guild. Merchantguildswas the association of merchants. It tries to regulate their business and standardize their products. Likewise,  the craft guild was the association of skilled craftsmen who tried to maintain the quality and quantity of production. Organized groups of traders, craftsmen, artisans used to collect various resources from the local areas and produced goods using them.
 
 Domestic System The concept of guilds was gradually declined and the industrial system is being started. Crafts men were not able to fulfill the unlimited and increasing wants of people by using the limited resource. People were employed and were paid according to the units of goods produced. However, the salary was very low because the value of money was much higher at that time.  Industrial Revolution Industrial revolution refers to the drastic changes made in the field of production  and began with the replacement of the old system.  The major inventions and discoveries of this stage were stream engine, wave the machine, textile the machine, standardization of products, development of capitalism etc. There were numerous job opportunities. Salary was increased and quality was maintained. Present Stage Today's modern age  with industrialization, use of technology, computerization, modernization and automation have resulted in standardization, quality control, searching market and etc. The scientific invention and discoveries have brought many changes in industrial production distribution. There are a huge number of industries producing a large number of goods to meet a large amount of needs and wants by providing many jobs and salaries.   
Evolution of commerce It is related to the distribution and exchange of goods and services. It is related with transportation, communication, Banking, warehousing port export, trade and so on.
The concept of commerce was developed gradually when people started to live in the river, bank and engaged in agriculture farming.   It has passed through a number of stages to reach the present level.  Following are the stages in the evolution of commerce:
<ol>
<li>Self-sufficient Economy;</li>
<li>Primitive Barter system</li>
<li>Money economy</li>
<li>Town economy</li>
<li>National economy</li>
<li>International economy 1. Self-sufficient economy At the beginning stage of commerce, people were self-dependent and  there were no surplus to be exchanged.  The production of goods was only to satisfy one’s need. 2. Primitive Barter system Primitive barter system is the real beginning of commerce.   People came to know that man is skillful in producing a few commodities. So, at this stage people started producing an excess of their needs what they could produce.  Those people who need the product used to buy the product by paying money. As the result of this rapid development change in commerce has come. 3. Money economy Money as the medium of exchange has played the significant role in the development of a business. That’s why money was originated. People developed coins but there was difficulty in large payment. So paper money was introduced. Those people who need the product used to buy the product by paying money. After the origin of money, national and international trade started. 4. Town economy  Money as the medium of exchange has played the significant role in the development of a business. At this stage, people were used to purchasing the product from different produce and brought them to specific place call row..The development of communication strain deportation facilities has brought many changes in a promotion of business. The town became the center of commercial activity.
 5. National Economy In this stage, buying and selling of goods and services were done within the country. The gradual development of production and distribution lead to expansion to expansion and growth of a business. The division of work and specialization helped producers to concentrate on few products only. There was also development in banking, advertising, insurance, warehouse, and other auxiliaries, 6. International economy The mass development of industry has led to the development of commerce at international level.  It is not possible for a country to produce all demanded goods according to needs and wants. Therefore the countries started to import the goods and other countries exported. Communication, net facilities, and modern transportation mean like road, seas, air transportation has played an important role in the development of an international economy.
</li>
</ol>

Q4:

Write the stages of evolution of industry and commerce.

Type: Short Difficulty: Easy

Show/Hide Answer

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International Personalities

Florence Nightingale

Florence Nightingale was born on May 12, 1820 AD in Florence, Italy. She was the younger of two children. From a very young age, she was interested in philanthropy, ministering to the ill and poor people in the village neighboring her family’s estate. By the time she was 16 years old, it was clear to her that nursing was her calling. She believed it to be her divine purpose. When Nightingale approached her parents and told them about her ambitions to become a nurse, they were not satisfied with her interest. In fact, her parents forbade her to pursue nursing. Determined to pursue her true calling despite her parents' objections, in 1844, Nightingale enrolled as a nursing student at the Lutheran Hospital of Pastor Fliedner in Kaiserswerth, Germany.

In October of 1853, the Crimean War broke out. By 1854, no fewer than 18,000 soldiers had been admitted to military hospitals. At the time, there were no female nurses stationed at hospitals in the Crimean. On 21 October 1854, she and the staff of 38 women volunteer nurses that she trained, including her aunt Mai Smith, and fifteen Catholic nuns were sent (under the authorization of Sidney Herbert) to the Ottoman Empire. The hospital was very unhygienic and dirty due to which injured soldiers were dying. Florence and her group cleaned the hospital. Nightingale herself spent every waking minute caring for the soldiers. In the evenings, she moved through the dark hallways carrying a lamp while making her rounds, ministering to the patient after patient. The soldiers, who were both moved and comforted by her endless supply of compassion, took to calling her "the Lady with the Lamp." Others simply called her "the Angel of the Crimea". Her work reduced the hospital’s death rate by two-thirds. After returning from Crimea, she wrote ‘Notes on Matters Affecting the Health, Efficiency and Hospital Administration of the British Army’, analyzing her experience and proposing reforms for other military hospitals operating under poor conditions based on her observations. She also established Scutari Hospital. She died on August 13, 1910 AD at her home in London.

Mahatma Gandhi

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, more commonly known as Mahatma Gandhi, was born on October 2, 1869 in Porbandar, Gujrat, in North West India. He was born into a privileged caste family. He was the last child of his father (Karamchand Gandhi) and his father's fourth wife (Putlibai). His father was the Chief Minister of Porbandar. During his youth, Mohandas Gandhi was shy, soft-spoken, and only a mediocre student at school. He studied law in London, England, but he went to South Africa in 1893 and he spent 20 years there opposing discriminatory legislation against Indians. He became one of the major political and spiritual leaders of his time as a pioneer of Satyagraha. Satyagraha remains one of the most potent philosophies in freedom struggles throughout the world today. In 1914, Gandhi returned to India, where he supported the Home Rule movement and became the leader of the Indian National Congress, advocating a policy of non-violent to achieve independence. His goal was to help poor farmers and laborers protest oppressive taxation and discrimination. He struggled to alleviate poverty, liberate women and put an end to caste discrimination, with the ultimate objective being self-rule for India.

Following his civil disobedience campaign, he was jailed for conspiracy (1922-24). He attended the London Round Table Conference on Indian constitutional reform on his release from prison in 1931. He negotiated with the Cabinet Mission which recommended the new constitutional structure in 1946. After independence in 1947, he tried to stop the Hindu-Muslim conflict in Bengal, a policy which led to his assassination in Delhi by Nathuram Godse, a Hindu fanatic.

He was a person who proposed the view of “simple living high thinking”. He used to wear clothes as other citizens of the country. He thought that all citizens should wear the clothes made in their own country so for that he started Charkha Movement. He believed that development is possible only if we utilize the available resources of our own country.

Although Gandhi was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize five times, he never received it. In the year of his death in 1948, the Prize was not awarded, the stated reason being that “there was no suitable living candidate” that year. Indians generally depict Gandhi as the Father of the Nation. His birthday, 2 October, is commemorated Gandhi Jayanti and worldwide as the International Day of Non-violence.

Lesson

Our Tradition Social Norms and Values

Subject

Social Studies and Population Education

Grade

Grade 8

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