Measures of Population Change

Fertility refers to the reproductive function. It is the ability to bear offspring. It is the production of live birth which starts when a women gives the first birth. This note has information about measures of population change.

Summary

Fertility refers to the reproductive function. It is the ability to bear offspring. It is the production of live birth which starts when a women gives the first birth. This note has information about measures of population change.

Things to Remember

  • Demographic measures are the actual changes in size, composition and distribution due to changes in demographic components like birth, death and migration, as a result of their respective processes like rate of fertility, mortality and migration.
  • Fertility refers to the reproductive function. It is the ability to bear offspring. It is the production of live birth which starts when a women gives the first birth. Its period is generally 15-49 years of age.
  • The measures that are used to estimate fertility rate are as follows: -  Crude Birth Rate(CBR), Age-Specific Fertility Rate(ASFR),  Total Fertility Rate(TFR)
 




 

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Subjective Questions

Q1:

What are the types of industry?


Type: Short Difficulty: Easy

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Answer: <p>An industry is a classification that refers to groups of companies that are related based on their primary business activities.</p>
<p>There are two types of industries they are:</p>
<ul>
<li>Primary Industry</li>
<li>Secondary Industry<br /><br /><br /></li>
<li>Primary Industry<br />Industry, such as mining, agriculture, or forestry, that is concerned with obtaining or providing natural raw materials for conversion into commodities and products for the consumer.<br /><br /></li>
<li>Secondary Industry<br />&nbsp;Industry that converts the raw materials provided by primary industry into commodities and products for the consumer; manufacturing industry.</li>
</ul>
<p>&nbsp;</p>

Q2:

Decribe the types of industry.


Type: Long Difficulty: Easy

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Answer: <p>The term industry refers to the production of goods and service through the utilization of various resources like men, material, money and machines by completing some specific processes<strong>.</strong> An industry may refer to an extraction, generation, conversion or production of goods and services or construction of building products for a certain price. There are two types of industries they are:<br /><br /></p>
<p>Primary Industry&nbsp;<br />Secondary Industry<br /><br /></p>
<ul>
<li>Primary Industry<br />Primary industries refer to the creation of utilities by extracting materials from natural resources or the growth and development of vegetation and animals by means of reproduction process, It can be divided into two parts:<br /><br /><br />
<ol>
<li><strong>Genetic Industry<br /></strong>The growth and development of flora and fauna by multiplying a certain species of plants and breeding of animals is&nbsp;known as a genetic &nbsp;industry. &nbsp;Plant nurseries, forestry, farming, animal husbandry, poultry etc. are the examples of the genetic industry.&nbsp;<br /><br /></li>
<li><strong>Extraction Industry<br /></strong>The extraction or drawing out goods from the natural resources like land, water, air etc are called extraction industry. &nbsp;Lumbering, hunting, fishing , coal, gold, oil, gas from sea, electricity from rivers and air etc.are some of the examples of extraction industry.<br /><strong><br /></strong></li>
</ol>
</li>
<li><strong>Secondary Industry<br /></strong>The industries, which produce finished goods by the use of materials and supplies taken from the primary industries are known as secondary industries. Such industries convert raw materials into semi- raw materials into finished product. It has been classified into 2 types:</li>
</ul>
<ol>
<li>&nbsp;<strong>Constructive Industry<br /></strong>Industries &nbsp;which are involved in construction, development of works and &nbsp;concerned&nbsp;to the engineering, erecting etc. are known a constructive industry. They use materials produced by other industries like; iron, cement, concrete, bricks, rods etc. Construction&nbsp;of bridges, roads, dams, canal, building, etc. are the examples of the constructive industry.<br /><br /></li>
<li><strong>Manufacturing Industry<br /></strong>The<strong>&nbsp;</strong> production of goods by using raw materials or semi -raw materials &nbsp;into finished goods, production &nbsp;sugar from sugarcane, iron, steel, automobiles and electrons etc. are the examples of it. It is further classified into 4 types:<br /><br />Analytical Industry<br />Synthetic Industry<br />Processing Industry<br />Assembling Industry<br />Continous Industry<br /><br /><strong>Analytical Industry :<br /></strong>The industry which employs analytical process in the production of goods. It refers to the analyzing and separating different components&nbsp; from a single industry. Some of the examples of this industry&nbsp;are: &nbsp;crude oil separated &nbsp;and processed petrol, diesel, kerosene etc.<br /><br /><strong>Synthetic Industry:<br /></strong>The industry that employs a synthetic processes in the production&nbsp;of goods are&nbsp;known as synthetic industries. This industry relates to the putting of various materials together to make a final product. Examples of &nbsp;it are: Cement is produced by mixing concrete, gypsum, coal etc. together<br /><br /><strong>Processing Industries:</strong>.<br />The industry which obtains the final product by using raw and semi-aw materials through different stages&nbsp;of production are processing industries. Textile industry, juice industry, are some examples of it.<br /><br /><br /><strong>Assembling Industry<br /></strong>Those industries which combine various component parts that are manufactured already to make a new product. the examples of it are; manufacture of television, radio, computer, vehicles, electric equipment.<br /><br /><strong><br />Continous Industry<br /></strong>All the required raw materials are fed into the machine at one point from which successive operations are automatically performed to turn them into finished products are calledcontinous industry. Butwal spinning Mill, Bhirkuti paper Mill and Lumbini Sugar Mill are the examples of continuous Industries.
<h3>&nbsp;</h3>
<strong><br /></strong></li>
</ol>

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Measures of Population Change

Measures of Population Change

Demographic measures are the actual changes in size, composition and distribution due to changes in demographic components like birth, death and migration, as a result of their respective processes like rate of fertility, mortality and migration. Demographic measures are enumerated by applying specific formulas for a specific type of measurement.

Fertility Rate

Fertility refers to the reproductive function. It is the ability to bear offspring. It is the production of live birth which starts when a woman gives the first birth. Its period is generally 15-49 years of age. Likewise, fecundity is the psychological capacity to participate in reproduction. It starts with the regulation of monthly menstrual cycle. Fertility results in a birth. It is measured by the actual number of births. The measures that are used to estimate fertility rate are as follows: -

 

1. Crude Birth Rate(CBR)

Crude Birth Rate is the simplest way of measuring fertility. The crude birth rate of an area is defined as the number of live births occurring in that area, in a given period of time, usually a year, divided by the total population of that area as estimated in the middle of the year. The rate is expressed in terms of 'per 1000 of the population'.

 

2. Age-Specific Fertility Rate(ASFR)

Fertility rates may be computed for each age from 15-49 years. However, computation of each year may not be necessary, generally fertility rates for five-year age groups are measured. Such fertility rates are known as age-specific fertility rate.

 

3. Total Fertility Rate(TFR)

Total fertility rate is referred to the number of children of women, would bear during her childbearing age under ongoing age-specific fertility rate (ASFR). It is measured as the sum of age-specific fertility rates calculated for the same single year. Since, the ASFR is calculated for 5 year age groups, the sum of ASFR’s need to be multiplied by 5.

 

 

Lesson

Introduction to Population and Its State

Subject

Social Studies and Population Education

Grade

Grade 8

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