Reflection
If we stand in front of a mirror, our images come closer to the mirror and vice versa, it is known as reflection. This note gives the information about reflection.
Summary
If we stand in front of a mirror, our images come closer to the mirror and vice versa, it is known as reflection. This note gives the information about reflection.
Things to Remember
- The reflection of the point (x, y) across the x-axis is the point (x, −y) = P(x, y) → P'(x, y)
- The reflection of the point (x, y) across the y-axis is the point (−x, y) = P(x, y) → P'(−x, y)
- The reflection of the point (x, y) across the line y = x is the point (y, x) = P(x, y) → P'(y, x)
- The reflection of the point (x, y) across the line y = −x is the point (−y, −x) = P(x, y) → P'(−y, −x)
MCQs
No MCQs found.
Subjective Questions
Q1:
Explain the metabolic changes occur during pregnancy ?
Type: Long Difficulty: Easy
Show/Hide Answer
Answer: <h4>Changes in metabolism</h4>
<ul>
<li>Total metabolism is increased due to the needs of the growing uterus and the fetus. Basal metabolic rate is increased to the extent of 30% higher than that of the average of the non pregnant woman.</li>
<li>During a normal pregnancy, about 1000 gm of protein is stored (450 gm in fetus, 450 gm in uterus , other are in breast, plasma protein and hemoglobin). Conversion of amino acid to urea is suppressed.
<ul>
<li>Carbohydrate metabolism : Normal pregnancy show fasting hypoglycemia and post prandial hyperglycemia leads to a diabetic type state in non-diabetic woman, which reverse after delivery.</li>
<li>The total body fat increases during pregnancy, plasma lipid increase during later half of pregnancy but diminish soon after delivery.</li>
</ul>
<p>o An average of 3-4 kg of fat is stored during pregnancy mostly in the abdominal wall, breasts, hips and thighs.</p>
<ul>
<li>Total iron requirement during pregnancy is estimated approximately 1000mg. This is distributed in fetus and placenta 300mg and expanded red cell volume 400mg (Total increase in red cell volume 350 ml and 1ml contains mg of iron).</li>
</ul>
<p>o Supplemental iron is valuable and necessary during pregnancy and for several weeks after pregnancy.</p>
<ul>
<li>Fluid balance depends an adequate concentration of sodium, therefore he kidney must compensate for the many factor that favor excretion of sodium during pregnancy. For example, increased GFR, decreased concentration of plasma proteins and increased progesterone levels all results in an increase in sodium excretion</li>
</ul>
<p>o The average woman retains 6 to 8 liters of extra water during the pregnancy secondary to hormones influence.</p>
<p>o Approximately 4 to 6 L of fluid crosses into the extra cellular spaces. This creates a physiologic increase in blood volume. (hyperemia)</p>
<p>o Many pregnant women experience the normal accumulation of fluid in their legs and ankles at the end of the day. This is most common in the third trimester and is referred to as physiologic edema.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>Total metabolism is increased due to the needs of the growing uterus and the fetus. Basal metabolic rate is increased to the extent of 30% higher than that of the average of the non pregnant woman.</li>
<li>During a normal pregnancy, about 1000 gm of protein is stored (450 gm in fetus, 450 gm in uterus , other are in breast, plasma protein and hemoglobin). Conversion of amino acid to urea is suppressed.
<ul>
<li>Carbohydrate metabolism : Normal pregnancy show fasting hypoglycemia and post prandial hyperglycemia leads to a diabetic type state in non-diabetic woman, which reverse after delivery.</li>
<li>The total body fat increases during pregnancy, plasma lipid increase during later half of pregnancy but diminish soon after delivery.</li>
</ul>
<p>o An average of 3-4 kg of fat is stored during pregnancy mostly in the abdominal wall, breasts, hips and thighs.</p>
<ul>
<li>Total iron requirement during pregnancy is estimated approximately 1000mg. This is distributed in fetus and placenta 300mg and expanded red cell volume 400mg (Total increase in red cell volume 350 ml and 1ml contains mg of iron).</li>
</ul>
<p>o Supplemental iron is valuable and necessary during pregnancy and for several weeks after pregnancy.</p>
<ul>
<li>Fluid balance depends an adequate concentration of sodium, therefore he kidney must compensate for the many factor that favor excretion of sodium during pregnancy. For example, increased GFR, decreased concentration of plasma proteins and increased progesterone levels all results in an increase in sodium excretion</li>
</ul>
<p>o The average woman retains 6 to 8 liters of extra water during the pregnancy secondary to hormones influence.</p>
<p>o Approximately 4 to 6 L of fluid crosses into the extra cellular spaces. This creates a physiologic increase in blood volume. (hyperemia)</p>
<p>o Many pregnant women experience the normal accumulation of fluid in their legs and ankles at the end of the day. This is most common in the third trimester and is referred to as physiologic edema.</p>
</li>
</ul>
Q2:
Explian the changes in hormal system during pregnancy ?
Type: Long Difficulty: Easy
Show/Hide Answer
Answer: <ul>
<li>
<h4>Changes in the Endocrine system</h4>
</li>
</ul>
<ol>
<li>Placental hormones<br />A.Steroid hormone</li>
</ol>
<p>v Oestrogen</p>
<p>v Progesterone</p>
<p>B.Protein hormone</p>
<p>v Human chorionic gonadotrophin hormone(HCG)</p>
<p>v Human placental lactogen(HPL)</p>
<p>v Human chorionic thyotrophin(HCT)</p>
<p>v Human chorionic corticotrophin(HCC)</p>
<p>v Pregnancy specific B-1 glycoprotein(PSBG)</p>
<p>v Pregnancy associated plasma protein(PAPP)</p>
<p>C.Others</p>
<p>v Thyroid gland</p>
<p>v Pituitary gland</p>
<p>v Adrenal gland</p>
<p>v Pancreas</p>
<h4>Steroid hormone<br /> 1.Estrogen</h4>
<p>Before 12th week of pregnancy, it is produce by corpus luteum and after 12th week of pregnancy it is produced by placenta in conjunction with fetus.</p>
<p>The three classic estrogen during pregnancy are estrogen, estradiol and estriol. More than 90% of the estrogens secreted during pregnancy is estriol. Estrogen has numerous function during pregnancy which are as follows:-</p>
<p>o It stimulate uterine and increases blood supply to uterine vessels.</p>
<p>o Maintenance of breast growth and it duct structure.</p>
<p>o Enlargement of external genitalia.</p>
<p>o Increased activity of salivary gland hyperemia of the gums and nasal mucous membrane.</p>
<p>o Estrogen may decrease secretion of hydrochloride and pepsin which may be responsible for digestive upset such as nausea.</p>
<p>2.<strong>Progesterone</strong></p>
<p>Progesterone stimulates the development of thick vascular decidua, ready for the imbedding of the ovum and it normally maintains the healthy decidua through out the pregnancy. Progesterone relaxes plain muscles. If the production of progesterone is deficit, uterus may begin rhythmic contraction and abortion may result.</p>
<p>Similarly the plain muscle of the bowel is relax, constipation is common in pregnancy. Relax of the plain muscle in the walls of vein may lead to development of varicose vein of the legs, rectum and vulva. This effect is aggravated by the pressure of the enlarging uterus on the pelvic vein which further retards the venous return from the legs.</p>
<h4>B. Protein hormone</h4>
<p><strong>1. Human choronic gonadotrophin (HCG)</strong></p>
<p>This is produced by cells of the prophoblast from the time of embedding of the fertilized ovum.</p>
<p>The primary function of HCG in early pregnancy is to stimulate the corpus luteum to produce progesterone and estrogen. This hormone is responsible for positive test.</p>
<p>In multiple gestation hydatidiform or choriocarcinoma, HCG can be twices as a singleton pregnancy.</p>
<p>In blood 100 IU/ml and 200IU/ml in urine between 60-70day of pregnancy.</p>
<p>Its falls slow of 10-20IU/ml between 100-130 days. So, there after remain constant throughout pregnancy.</p>
<li>
<h4>Changes in the Endocrine system</h4>
</li>
</ul>
<ol>
<li>Placental hormones<br />A.Steroid hormone</li>
</ol>
<p>v Oestrogen</p>
<p>v Progesterone</p>
<p>B.Protein hormone</p>
<p>v Human chorionic gonadotrophin hormone(HCG)</p>
<p>v Human placental lactogen(HPL)</p>
<p>v Human chorionic thyotrophin(HCT)</p>
<p>v Human chorionic corticotrophin(HCC)</p>
<p>v Pregnancy specific B-1 glycoprotein(PSBG)</p>
<p>v Pregnancy associated plasma protein(PAPP)</p>
<p>C.Others</p>
<p>v Thyroid gland</p>
<p>v Pituitary gland</p>
<p>v Adrenal gland</p>
<p>v Pancreas</p>
<h4>Steroid hormone<br /> 1.Estrogen</h4>
<p>Before 12th week of pregnancy, it is produce by corpus luteum and after 12th week of pregnancy it is produced by placenta in conjunction with fetus.</p>
<p>The three classic estrogen during pregnancy are estrogen, estradiol and estriol. More than 90% of the estrogens secreted during pregnancy is estriol. Estrogen has numerous function during pregnancy which are as follows:-</p>
<p>o It stimulate uterine and increases blood supply to uterine vessels.</p>
<p>o Maintenance of breast growth and it duct structure.</p>
<p>o Enlargement of external genitalia.</p>
<p>o Increased activity of salivary gland hyperemia of the gums and nasal mucous membrane.</p>
<p>o Estrogen may decrease secretion of hydrochloride and pepsin which may be responsible for digestive upset such as nausea.</p>
<p>2.<strong>Progesterone</strong></p>
<p>Progesterone stimulates the development of thick vascular decidua, ready for the imbedding of the ovum and it normally maintains the healthy decidua through out the pregnancy. Progesterone relaxes plain muscles. If the production of progesterone is deficit, uterus may begin rhythmic contraction and abortion may result.</p>
<p>Similarly the plain muscle of the bowel is relax, constipation is common in pregnancy. Relax of the plain muscle in the walls of vein may lead to development of varicose vein of the legs, rectum and vulva. This effect is aggravated by the pressure of the enlarging uterus on the pelvic vein which further retards the venous return from the legs.</p>
<h4>B. Protein hormone</h4>
<p><strong>1. Human choronic gonadotrophin (HCG)</strong></p>
<p>This is produced by cells of the prophoblast from the time of embedding of the fertilized ovum.</p>
<p>The primary function of HCG in early pregnancy is to stimulate the corpus luteum to produce progesterone and estrogen. This hormone is responsible for positive test.</p>
<p>In multiple gestation hydatidiform or choriocarcinoma, HCG can be twices as a singleton pregnancy.</p>
<p>In blood 100 IU/ml and 200IU/ml in urine between 60-70day of pregnancy.</p>
<p>Its falls slow of 10-20IU/ml between 100-130 days. So, there after remain constant throughout pregnancy.</p>
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Reflection
Reflection
If we stand in front of a mirror, our images come closer to the mirror and vice versa, it is known as reflection. In reflection, the mirror is represented by a line, which is called the axis of reflection. The properties of reflection are:
- Lateral inversion of each other
- Equidistant from the mirror line
- Congruent to each other
Reflection using Co-ordinates
By using the coordinates, we can reflect a given object about the x-axis, y-axis, line y = x, line y= x etc.
- Reflection in X-axis: When we reflect a point across the x-axis, the x co-ordinate remains the same, but y co-ordinate is transformed into negative.
The reflection of the point (x, y) across the x-axis is the point (x,−y).
P(x, y) → P'(x, -y)
or, x-axis (x, y) = (x,−y) - Reflection in Y-axis: When we reflect a point across the y-axis, then y co-ordinator remains the same, but the x co-ordinate is transformed into negative.
The reflection of the point (x, y) across the y-axis is the point (−x, y).
P(x, y) → P'(−x, y)
or, y-axis (x, y) = (−x, y) - Reflecting in the line y = x: When we reflect a point across the line y = x, the x co-ordinate and then y co-ordinate change place.
The reflection of the point (x, y) across the line y = x is the point (y, x).
P(x, y) → P'(y, x)
or, y = x (x, y) = (y, x) - Reflection in line y = −x: When we reflect a point across the line y = −x, the x co-ordinate and then y co-ordinate change places and are negated or the signs are changes.
The reflection point (x, y) across the line y = −x is the point (−y,−x)
P(x, y) → P'(−y,−x)
Lesson
Transformation
Subject
Optional Maths
Grade
Grade 8
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