Answer: <p>Co-operative organization is a voluntary&nbsp;organization which prefers development of mortality of members to earn money. &nbsp; The co-operative organization is formed to help their member to improve the economy standard. They provide different kinds of services product for their member. The motto of this organization &nbsp;is "one for all" and all for one". It is democratic organization which is operated for providing services to its members,</p>
<p>A co-operative organization is formed with the aim of working together for common benefit. The industrialization has created a gap between poor and rich. The poor people are helpless because they don't have economic resources but the development of co-operative organization provide people opportunities to collect a small amount from poor and this amount is used to address financial needs of their members. &nbsp;In fact, a co-operative organization&nbsp;works for service and common welfare rather than maximizing profit.</p>
<p><strong>According to Nepal co-operative act 2048, </strong>"A society is constituted in order to provide services and facilities for the economic and social development of its member&rdquo;</p>
<p><strong>According to Henry Calvert</strong>, "Co-operative is a form of organization wherein persons voluntarily associate together as human beings on the basis of equality for the promotion of the economic interests of themselves."<br /><br />From the above &nbsp;definition, Co-operative organization is the form of organization where in persons voluntarily associate together as a business being a basis of equality for the promotion of the economic interest of themselves. It is a voluntary association of persons with same interest. It is based on the&nbsp;principles of equality, mutual help, democracy, service, and sacrifice.<br /><br /><br /></p>

Answer: <p>The main &nbsp;features/characteristics&nbsp;of co-operative organization are:</p>
<ul>
<li>Voluntary Association</li>
<li>Open membership</li>
<li>Mutual relation</li>
<li>service motive</li>
<li>Cash transaction</li>
<li>Democratic management</li>
<li>Separate legal status</li>
<li>Distribution of profit</li>
<li>Equality</li>
<li>Fulfillment of common needs/motive</li>
</ul>

Answer: <p>The various types of co-operative organization are:&nbsp;</p>
<ul>
<li>Producer's co-operative Society</li>
<li>Industrial co-operative Society</li>
<li>Consumer's co-operative Society</li>
<li>Saving and credit co-operative society</li>
<li>Marketing co-operative society</li>
<li>Farming co-operative society</li>
<li>Housing co-operative society</li>
<li>Miscellaneous co-operative society</li>
</ul>

Answer: <p>Different types of co-operatives are formed with different motives and objectives. On the basis of activity involvement, co-operatives are classified into different types of co-operative are explained below:</p>
<ul>
<li>Producer's co-operative Society</li>
<li>Industrial co-operative Society</li>
<li>Consumer's co-operative Society</li>
<li>Saving and credit co-operative society</li>
<li>Marketing co-operative society</li>
<li>Farming co-operative society</li>
<li>Housing co-operative society</li>
<li>Miscellaneous co-operative society<br /><br /><strong>Producer's co-operative Society:</strong><br />A producer's co-operative is established by the small-scale producers for supplying raw materials, tools, equipment, and other items of production to its members. This co-operative also help to its member in the production of the product in higher quality and better quality.<br />Its objective are to supply raw materials regularly, improve the quality of the product, and to secure economy of large scale &nbsp;production.<br />
<p><strong>Industrial Co-operative Society:<br /></strong>They are the association of producer who are engaged in manufacturing. This co-operative helps the member to the developed competitiveness of the member product in the market because of industrialization small industries has difficulty to complete in a market. They are formed to help small manufacturing in purchasing raw materials, processing them to the finished product as well as marketing in a product. This co-operative contact with a different government agency for their promotion.<br /><br /><strong>Consumer's co-operative Society:<br /></strong>A consumer's co-operative is established by the consumers for selling consumer goods at reasonable prices to its members and outsiders. It establish a direct relationship with the producers or wholesalers to buy goods in bulk and sell the goods at fair prices. The main objective of these co-operatives is to eliminate the role of the middleman (Wholesaler, and retailer) this co-operative organization consult about consumer health and price of a product. They provide a quality product at reasonable price.&nbsp;<br /><br /><strong>Saving credit co-operative society:<br /></strong>A credit co-operative is established with an objective to develop and promote the saving habits of the members. Such co-operatives provide a loan at lower rate of interest to its members for productive activities.&nbsp; This collection further utilizes to provide a loan to their member at the time of difficulties. It helps to eliminate the problems of the high-interest rate charged by money lenders. It also provides technical and financial assistance to its members.<br /><br /></p>
<p><strong>Marketing co-operative society<br /></strong>A marketing co-operative society is established &nbsp;by small farmers or small-scale producers for selling their products at fair prices.&nbsp;The market co-operative performs a various activity related to market like marketing research, sampling, grading, processing. Warehousing etc. for the benefit of their member. Its main objectives to provide the fair price for member product, promote members output in the market.It also provides the facilities of transportation, warehousing, processing, and packing to its members.<br /><br /></p>
<p><strong>Farming Co-operative Society:<br /></strong>This co<strong>-</strong>operative society which is established with the objectives to provide housing facilities to their members is called housing co-operative society. These co-operative collect a small amount from the member.&nbsp;They used to purchase big land area from the municipality or other bodies at a cheaper price and construct houses at very low cost. As a result, of these people having limited income and resources can afford housing facilities.<br /><br /></p>
<p><strong>Housing Co-operative Society:<br /></strong>A housing co-operative is established by the people of limited means for providing residential accommodation to its members. These co-operative collect a small amount from the member. The collected amount is utilized either for the construction of house or purchase of land.<br /><br /><strong>Miscellaneous co-operative Society:<br /></strong>Besides, above co-operative society, other cooperatives can be established to meet the need of the general public. Farming co-operative, single purpose co-operative, bee-keeping co-operative, dairy-co-operative, and labour co-operative are some examples of the miscellaneous co-operatives.</p>
</li>
</ul>

Answer: <p>The main features of co-operative organization are:</p>
<ul>
<li>Voluntary Association</li>
<li>Open membership</li>
<li>Mutual relation</li>
<li>service motive</li>
<li>Cash transaction</li>
<li>Democratic management</li>
<li>Separate legal status</li>
<li>Distribution of profit</li>
<li>Equality</li>
<li>Fulfillment of common needs/motive</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Voluntary Association:<br /></strong>&nbsp;A co-operative society is a voluntary organization of the economically weaker people. There is no individual interest of the member in co-operation.&nbsp;A person can join and leave the organization at any time by giving a due notice to the organization.</p>
<p><strong>Open membership:</strong></p>
<p>In a co-operative organization, membership is open to all the adults without any discrimination. There is no restriction on membership on the basis of gender, race, caste, religion, nationality etc. Thus, good harmony&nbsp;among the members is ensured.<br /><br /><strong>Mutual Relation:</strong><br />The relationship between member is mutually beneficial. Due to mutual relation and co-operation, even the &nbsp;members with limited means can launch bigger projects for their social and economic growth.</p>
<p><strong>Service motive:</strong><br />The main objectives of a co-operative organization is to provide better service and convenience to all the members.&nbsp;profit. This organization gives services, supply goods at reasonable prices, etc. to its members and the basis of working is "each for all and all for each".:</p>
<p><strong>Cash transaction:<br /></strong>&nbsp;A&nbsp;co-operative organization sells goods to its members on the cash basis only<strong>.&nbsp;</strong>The transaction is carried in cash to avoid the problems of bad debt, a difficulty of collection and other expenses. Aa a result, such policy, the organization performs its business successfully even with limited capital.<br /><br /><strong>Democratic Management:</strong><br />The management of the co-operative organization is based on democracy principles. The board members are democratically elected by the annual general meeting according&nbsp;to the principle of one member,one vote.<br /><br /><strong>Separate legal status:<br /></strong>A co-operative organization is a separate legal entity. It performs all transactions like purchase and sales of assets and properties&nbsp;in its own name.<br />.The shareholders and co-operative organization are two different component.<br /><br /><strong>Distribution of profit:<br /></strong>The aim of the organization is not to earn the profit. Earning profit is the secondary aim of the society. .A co-operative organization is required to create a reserve fund from 1/4 of its profit.After the end of each financial year, they distributed their profit to their member.<br /><br /><strong>Equality:</strong><br />All members of a co-operative organization&nbsp;have an equal right in its management. There&nbsp;is no discrimination between members due to caste, religion, investment, and political thought. Membership is open to all&nbsp;and has equal voting rights.<br /><br /><strong>Fulfillment of common needs:</strong><br />Co-operative are formed to solve the common problem or needs of the member. Its main objective is to help the member in difficulty.Eg: Agriculture co-operative help to solve common needs of farmers like quality seeds, fertilizers equipment technology needs of the farmer.</p>
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