Generation of Computer

Development of computers can be divided into different generations. Each generation used different processing units. First used vacuum tubes, second used transistors, third used IC, fourth used microprocessor and fifth generation computers were based on Artificial Intelligence (AI) and are still in development. This note provide us the information about generation of computer.

Summary

Development of computers can be divided into different generations. Each generation used different processing units. First used vacuum tubes, second used transistors, third used IC, fourth used microprocessor and fifth generation computers were based on Artificial Intelligence (AI) and are still in development. This note provide us the information about generation of computer.

Things to Remember

  • Vacuum tubes were used for first generation computers for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory.
  • The transistors invented in 1947 which was not seen as extensive use, replaced vacuum tubes.
  • The development of the Integrated Circuit (IC) was the major turning point of the third generation computers.
  • A microprocessor has thousands of integrated circuits builds onto a single silicon clips.
  • The fifth generation computers are based on Artificial Intelligence (AI) and are still in development.

MCQs

No MCQs found.

Subjective Questions

Q1:

What is a final account?


Type: Very_short Difficulty: Easy

Show/Hide Answer
Answer: <p>Final account is an accounting process, which is prepared at the end of the given period of time.</p>

Q2:

Why is final account prepared?


Type: Very_short Difficulty: Easy

Show/Hide Answer
Answer: <p>Final account is prepared to know the profit or loss and the financial position of the business.</p>

Q3:

What are the main objectives of final accounts?


Type: Short Difficulty: Easy

Show/Hide Answer
Answer: <p>The following are the main objectives of final accounts: -</p> <ol><li>To determine gross profit and net profit of the business during the year.</li> <li>To present true financial position of the business on a given date.</li> <li>To make effective control on financial activities of the business.</li> <li>To make a summary presentation of all the financial transactions.</li> <li>To communicate the operating results and financial position of the users.</li> <li>To help in making a different financial decision to the users of accounting information.</li> </ol>

Q4:

Define final accounts.


Type: Short Difficulty: Easy

Show/Hide Answer
Answer: <p>Final account is the final process of accounting. It is an accounting process, which is prepared at the end of the given period of time. It is prepared to know the amount of profit or loss and financial position of the business. The amount of profit or loss of the business during the year is determined by preparing trading and profit and loss accounts. The financial position of the business on a particular date is determined by preparing the balance sheet. Thus, final accounts are the combination of trading account, profit and loss account and balance sheet.</p> <p>According to S. Mukherjee,&ldquo;Final account is the account, which is prepared at the end of the given year period, to see the profit and loss position as well as the financial position of a going concern for the period given.&rdquo;</p> <p>From the above definition, it is clear that final account is an accounting process, which is prepared at the end of the given period of time. It is prepared to know the profit or loss and financial position of the business. Final accounts are the composition of trading account, profit and loss account and balance sheet of the business organization.</p>

Q5:

The following is the trial balance of trader as on 31st Chaitra, 2072:

Particulars

Dr. Amt

Cr. Amt

Particulars

Dr. Amt

Cr. Amt

Purchases

5,50,000

 

Debtors

48,000

 

Sales

 

6,60,000

Discount

4,000

 

Capital

 

4,00,000

Advertisement

5,000

 

Opening stock

3,20,000

 

Bills payable

 

10,000

Purchase return

 

10,000

Salaries

55,000

 

Carriage inward

6,000

 

Interest

4,000

 

Carriage outward

8,000

 

Bills receivable

8,000

 

Sales return

12,000

 

General expenses

5,000

 

10% bank loan

 

80,000

Wages

95,000

 

Prepaid insurance

5,000

 

Cash and bank

25,000

 

Creditors

 

30,000

Furniture

20,000

 

Rent

20,000

 

 

 

Additional information:

Closing stock = Rs.6,00,000

Furniture = 10% depreciation is to be charged

Bad debts Rs.3,000 and provision for bad debts created @ 5%

Prepaid insurance has been expired to the extent of Rs.3,000

Salaries prepaid Rs.5,000

Goods loss by theft Rs.10,000

Wages outstanding Rs.5,000

Interest on loan for 6 months is to be paid.

Required:

Trading a/c

Profit and loss a/c

Balance sheet


Type: Short Difficulty: Easy

Show/Hide Answer
Answer: <p>Solution:</p> <table><tbody><tr><td width="266"> <p>Dr.</p> </td> <td width="493"> <p>Trading a/c</p> </td> <td width="39"> <p>Cr.</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="266"></td> <td width="493"> <p>As on 31<sup>st</sup> Chaitra, 2069</p> </td> <td width="39"></td> </tr></tbody></table><div class="accounts"> <p></p> <table width="804"><tbody><tr class="bordered"><td width="242"> <p>Particulars</p> </td> <td width="98"></td> <td width="120"> <p>Amount</p> </td> <td width="248"> <p>Particulars</p> </td> <td width="98"> <p>Amount</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="242"> <p>To opening stock</p> </td> <td width="98"></td> <td width="120"> <p>1,30,000</p> </td> <td width="248"> <p>By sales</p> </td> <td width="98"> <p>4,00,000</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="242"> <p>To purchases</p> </td> <td width="98"></td> <td width="120"> <p>2,50,000</p> </td> <td width="248"> <p>Less: returns</p> </td> <td width="98"> <p>1,00,000</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="242"> <p>To wages</p> </td> <td width="98"> <p>30,000</p> </td> <td width="120"></td> <td width="248"></td> <td width="98"></td> </tr><tr><td width="242"> <p>Add: outstanding</p> </td> <td width="98"> <p>3,000</p> </td> <td width="120"> <p>33,000</p> </td> <td width="248"></td> <td width="98"></td> </tr><tr><td width="242"> <p>To gross profit</p> </td> <td width="98"></td> <td width="120"> <p>87,000</p> </td> <td width="248"></td> <td width="98"></td> </tr><tr><td width="242"></td> <td width="98"></td> <td width="120"> <p>5,00,000</p> </td> <td width="248"></td> <td width="98"> <p>5,00,000</p> </td> </tr></tbody></table><p></p> <table><tbody><tr><td width="266"> <p>Dr.</p> </td> <td width="493"> <p>Profit and loss a/c</p> </td> <td width="39"> <p>Cr.</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="266"></td> <td width="493"> <p>As on 31<sup>st</sup> Chaitra, 2069</p> </td> <td width="39"></td> </tr></tbody></table><p></p> <table><tbody><tr class="bordered"><td width="249"> <p>Particulars</p> </td> <td width="113"></td> <td width="113"> <p>Amount</p> </td> <td width="203"> <p>Particulars</p> </td> <td width="120"> <p>Amount</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="249"> <p>To salaries</p> </td> <td width="113"> <p>51,000</p> </td> <td width="113"></td> <td width="203"> <p>By gross profit b/d</p> </td> <td width="120"> <p>87,000</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="249"> <p>Add: outstanding</p> </td> <td width="113"> <p>4,000</p> </td> <td width="113"> <p>55,000</p> </td> <td width="203"> <p>By commission</p> </td> <td width="120"> <p>3,000</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="249"> <p>To interest on loan</p> </td> <td width="113"></td> <td width="113"> <p>3,000</p> </td> <td width="203"> <p>By net loss c/d</p> </td> <td width="120"> <p>1,000</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="249"> <p>To insurance</p> </td> <td width="113"> <p>5,000</p> </td> <td width="113"></td> <td width="203"></td> <td width="120"></td> </tr><tr><td width="249"> <p>Less: prepaid</p> </td> <td width="113"> <p>2,000</p> </td> <td width="113"> <p>3,000</p> </td> <td width="203"></td> <td width="120"></td> </tr><tr><td width="249"> <p>To depreciation on:</p> </td> <td width="113"></td> <td width="113"></td> <td width="203"></td> <td width="120"></td> </tr><tr><td width="249"> <p>Building</p> </td> <td width="113"> <p>10,000</p> </td> <td width="113"></td> <td width="203"></td> <td width="120"></td> </tr><tr><td width="249"> <p>Furniture</p> </td> <td width="113"> <p>3,000</p> </td> <td width="113"></td> <td width="203"></td> <td width="120"></td> </tr><tr><td width="249"> <p>Vehicles</p> </td> <td width="113"> <p>10,000</p> </td> <td width="113"> <p>23,000</p> </td> <td width="203"></td> <td width="120"></td> </tr><tr><td width="249"> <p>To bad debts</p> </td> <td width="113"> <p>5,000</p> </td> <td width="113"></td> <td width="203"></td> <td width="120"></td> </tr><tr><td width="249"> <p>Add: new provision for bad debts</p> </td> <td width="113"> <p>4,500</p> </td> <td width="113"></td> <td width="203"></td> <td width="120"></td> </tr><tr><td width="249"></td> <td width="113"> <p>9,500</p> </td> <td width="113"></td> <td width="203"></td> <td width="120"></td> </tr><tr><td width="249"> <p>Less: old provision for bad debts</p> </td> <td width="113"> <p>2,500</p> </td> <td width="113"> <p>7,000</p> </td> <td width="203"></td> <td width="120"></td> </tr><tr><td width="249"></td> <td width="113"></td> <td width="113"> <p>91,000</p> </td> <td width="203"></td> <td width="120"> <p>91,000</p> </td> </tr></tbody></table><p>Balance sheet</p> <p>As on 31<sup>st</sup> Chaitra, 2069</p> <table><tbody><tr class="bordered"><td width="197"> <p>Liabilities</p> </td> <td width="98"></td> <td width="105"> <p>Amt Rs.</p> </td> <td width="203"> <p>Assets</p> </td> <td width="98"></td> <td width="99"> <p>Amt Rs.</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="197"> <p>Capital</p> </td> <td width="98"> <p>4,00,000</p> </td> <td width="105"></td> <td width="203"> <p>Building</p> </td> <td width="98"> <p>2,00,000</p> </td> <td width="99"></td> </tr><tr><td width="197"> <p>Less: drawing</p> </td> <td width="98"> <p>50,000</p> </td> <td width="105"></td> <td width="203"> <p>Less: depreciation</p> </td> <td width="98"> <p>10,000</p> </td> <td width="99"> <p>1,90,000</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="197"></td> <td width="98"> <p>3,50,000</p> </td> <td width="105"></td> <td width="203"> <p>Furnitures</p> </td> <td width="98"> <p>30,000</p> </td> <td width="99"></td> </tr><tr><td width="197"> <p>Less: net loss</p> </td> <td width="98"> <p>1,000</p> </td> <td width="105"> <p>3,49,000</p> </td> <td width="203"> <p>Less: deprecation</p> </td> <td width="98"> <p>3,000</p> </td> <td width="99"> <p>27,000</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="197"> <p>12% loan</p> </td> <td width="98"></td> <td width="105"> <p>50,000</p> </td> <td width="203"> <p>Vehicles</p> </td> <td width="98"> <p>50,000</p> </td> <td width="99"></td> </tr><tr><td width="197"> <p>Creditors</p> </td> <td width="98"></td> <td width="105"> <p>50,000</p> </td> <td width="203"> <p>Less: depreciation</p> </td> <td width="98"> <p>10,000</p> </td> <td width="99"> <p>40,000</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="197"> <p>Bills payable</p> </td> <td width="98"></td> <td width="105"> <p>44,000</p> </td> <td width="203"> <p>Debtors</p> </td> <td width="98"> <p>1,00,000</p> </td> <td width="99"></td> </tr><tr><td width="197"> <p>Outstanding expenses:</p> </td> <td width="98"></td> <td width="105"></td> <td width="203"> <p>Less: new bad debts</p> </td> <td width="98"> <p>5,000</p> </td> <td width="99"></td> </tr><tr><td width="197"> <p>Wages</p> </td> <td width="98"> <p>3,000</p> </td> <td width="105"></td> <td width="203"></td> <td width="98"> <p>95,000</p> </td> <td width="99"></td> </tr><tr><td width="197"> <p>Salaries</p> </td> <td width="98"> <p>4,000</p> </td> <td width="105"> <p>7,000</p> </td> <td width="203"> <p>Less: new provision</p> </td> <td width="98"> <p>4,500</p> </td> <td width="99"> <p>90,500</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="197"></td> <td width="98"></td> <td width="105"></td> <td width="203"> <p>Bank balance</p> </td> <td width="98"></td> <td width="99"> <p>10,500</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="197"></td> <td width="98"></td> <td width="105"></td> <td width="203"> <p>Bills receivables</p> </td> <td width="98"></td> <td width="99"> <p>40,000</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="197"></td> <td width="98"></td> <td width="105"></td> <td width="203"> <p>Prepaid insurance</p> </td> <td width="98"></td> <td width="99"> <p>2,000</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="197"></td> <td width="98"></td> <td width="105"></td> <td width="203"> <p>Closing stock</p> </td> <td width="98"></td> <td width="99"> <p>1,00,000</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="197"></td> <td width="98"></td> <td width="105"> <p>5,00,000</p> </td> <td width="203"></td> <td width="98"></td> <td width="99"> <p>5,00,000</p> </td> </tr></tbody></table></div>

Q6:

The following is the trial balance of a trading concern on 31st Chaitra, 2069:

Debit

Amount (in Rs.)

Credit

Amount (in Rs.)

Building

2,00,000

Capital

4,00,000

Drawing

50,000

12% loan

50,000

Furnitures

30,000

Sales

4,00,000

Vehicles

50,000

Commission

3,000

Interest on loan

3,000

Creditors

50,000

Purchases

2,50,000

Bills Payable

44,000

Beginning stock

1,30,000

Provision for doubtful debts

2,500

Wages

30,000

 

 

Insurance

5,000

 

 

Debtors

1,00,000

 

 

Bank balance

10,500

 

 

Bills receivable

40,000

 

 

Salaries

51,000

 

 

 

9,49,500

 

9,49,500

 

Additional information:

Closing stock Rs.1,00,000

Write off bad debt Rs.5,000

Increase the bad debt provision to Rs.4,500 from Rs.2,500

Outstanding expenses: Wages Rs.3,000, Salaries Rs.4,000

Insurance prepaid Rs.2,000

Depreciation: Building 5%, furnitures 10% and vehicles 20%

Required:

Trading a/c

Profit and loss a/c

Balance sheet


Type: Short Difficulty: Easy

Show/Hide Answer
Answer: <p>Solution:</p> <table><tbody><tr><td width="266"> <p>Dr.</p> </td> <td width="493"> <p>Trading a/c</p> </td> <td width="39"> <p>Cr.</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="266"></td> <td width="493"> <p>As on 31<sup>st</sup> Chaitra, 2069</p> </td> <td width="39"></td> </tr></tbody></table><div class="accounts"> <p></p> <table width="804"><tbody><tr class="bordered"><td width="242"> <p>Particulars</p> </td> <td width="98"></td> <td width="120"> <p>Amount</p> </td> <td width="248"> <p>Particulars</p> </td> <td width="98"> <p>Amount</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="242"> <p>To opening stock</p> </td> <td width="98"></td> <td width="120"> <p>1,30,000</p> </td> <td width="248"> <p>By sales</p> </td> <td width="98"> <p>4,00,000</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="242"> <p>To purchases</p> </td> <td width="98"></td> <td width="120"> <p>2,50,000</p> </td> <td width="248"> <p>Less: returns</p> </td> <td width="98"> <p>1,00,000</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="242"> <p>To wages</p> </td> <td width="98"> <p>30,000</p> </td> <td width="120"></td> <td width="248"></td> <td width="98"></td> </tr><tr><td width="242"> <p>Add: outstanding</p> </td> <td width="98"> <p>3,000</p> </td> <td width="120"> <p>33,000</p> </td> <td width="248"></td> <td width="98"></td> </tr><tr><td width="242"> <p>To gross profit</p> </td> <td width="98"></td> <td width="120"> <p>87,000</p> </td> <td width="248"></td> <td width="98"></td> </tr><tr><td width="242"></td> <td width="98"></td> <td width="120"> <p>5,00,000</p> </td> <td width="248"></td> <td width="98"> <p>5,00,000</p> </td> </tr></tbody></table><p></p> <table><tbody><tr><td width="266"> <p>Dr.</p> </td> <td width="493"> <p>Profit and loss a/c</p> </td> <td width="39"> <p>Cr.</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="266"></td> <td width="493"> <p>As on 31<sup>st</sup> Chaitra, 2069</p> </td> <td width="39"></td> </tr></tbody></table><p></p> <table><tbody><tr class="bordered"><td width="249"> <p>Particulars</p> </td> <td width="113"></td> <td width="113"> <p>Amount</p> </td> <td width="203"> <p>Particulars</p> </td> <td width="120"> <p>Amount</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="249"> <p>To salaries</p> </td> <td width="113"> <p>51,000</p> </td> <td width="113"></td> <td width="203"> <p>By gross profit b/d</p> </td> <td width="120"> <p>87,000</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="249"> <p>Add: outstanding</p> </td> <td width="113"> <p>4,000</p> </td> <td width="113"> <p>55,000</p> </td> <td width="203"> <p>By commission</p> </td> <td width="120"> <p>3,000</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="249"> <p>To interest on loan</p> </td> <td width="113"></td> <td width="113"> <p>3,000</p> </td> <td width="203"> <p>By net loss c/d</p> </td> <td width="120"> <p>1,000</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="249"> <p>To insurance</p> </td> <td width="113"> <p>5,000</p> </td> <td width="113"></td> <td width="203"></td> <td width="120"></td> </tr><tr><td width="249"> <p>Less: prepaid</p> </td> <td width="113"> <p>2,000</p> </td> <td width="113"> <p>3,000</p> </td> <td width="203"></td> <td width="120"></td> </tr><tr><td width="249"> <p>To depreciation on:</p> </td> <td width="113"></td> <td width="113"></td> <td width="203"></td> <td width="120"></td> </tr><tr><td width="249"> <p>Building</p> </td> <td width="113"> <p>10,000</p> </td> <td width="113"></td> <td width="203"></td> <td width="120"></td> </tr><tr><td width="249"> <p>Furniture</p> </td> <td width="113"> <p>3,000</p> </td> <td width="113"></td> <td width="203"></td> <td width="120"></td> </tr><tr><td width="249"> <p>Vehicles</p> </td> <td width="113"> <p>10,000</p> </td> <td width="113"> <p>23,000</p> </td> <td width="203"></td> <td width="120"></td> </tr><tr><td width="249"> <p>To bad debts</p> </td> <td width="113"> <p>5,000</p> </td> <td width="113"></td> <td width="203"></td> <td width="120"></td> </tr><tr><td width="249"> <p>Add: new provision for bad debts</p> </td> <td width="113"> <p>4,500</p> </td> <td width="113"></td> <td width="203"></td> <td width="120"></td> </tr><tr><td width="249"></td> <td width="113"> <p>9,500</p> </td> <td width="113"></td> <td width="203"></td> <td width="120"></td> </tr><tr><td width="249"> <p>Less: old provision for bad debts</p> </td> <td width="113"> <p>2,500</p> </td> <td width="113"> <p>7,000</p> </td> <td width="203"></td> <td width="120"></td> </tr><tr><td width="249"></td> <td width="113"></td> <td width="113"> <p>91,000</p> </td> <td width="203"></td> <td width="120"> <p>91,000</p> </td> </tr></tbody></table><p>Balance sheet</p> <p>As on 31<sup>st</sup> Chaitra, 2069</p> <table><tbody><tr class="bordered"><td width="197"> <p>Liabilities</p> </td> <td width="98"></td> <td width="105"> <p>Amt Rs.</p> </td> <td width="203"> <p>Assets</p> </td> <td width="98"></td> <td width="99"> <p>Amt Rs.</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="197"> <p>Capital</p> </td> <td width="98"> <p>4,00,000</p> </td> <td width="105"></td> <td width="203"> <p>Building</p> </td> <td width="98"> <p>2,00,000</p> </td> <td width="99"></td> </tr><tr><td width="197"> <p>Less: drawing</p> </td> <td width="98"> <p>50,000</p> </td> <td width="105"></td> <td width="203"> <p>Less: depreciation</p> </td> <td width="98"> <p>10,000</p> </td> <td width="99"> <p>1,90,000</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="197"></td> <td width="98"> <p>3,50,000</p> </td> <td width="105"></td> <td width="203"> <p>Furnitures</p> </td> <td width="98"> <p>30,000</p> </td> <td width="99"></td> </tr><tr><td width="197"> <p>Less: net loss</p> </td> <td width="98"> <p>1,000</p> </td> <td width="105"> <p>3,49,000</p> </td> <td width="203"> <p>Less: deprecation</p> </td> <td width="98"> <p>3,000</p> </td> <td width="99"> <p>27,000</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="197"> <p>12% loan</p> </td> <td width="98"></td> <td width="105"> <p>50,000</p> </td> <td width="203"> <p>Vehicles</p> </td> <td width="98"> <p>50,000</p> </td> <td width="99"></td> </tr><tr><td width="197"> <p>Creditors</p> </td> <td width="98"></td> <td width="105"> <p>50,000</p> </td> <td width="203"> <p>Less: depreciation</p> </td> <td width="98"> <p>10,000</p> </td> <td width="99"> <p>40,000</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="197"> <p>Bills payable</p> </td> <td width="98"></td> <td width="105"> <p>44,000</p> </td> <td width="203"> <p>Debtors</p> </td> <td width="98"> <p>1,00,000</p> </td> <td width="99"></td> </tr><tr><td width="197"> <p>Outstanding expenses:</p> </td> <td width="98"></td> <td width="105"></td> <td width="203"> <p>Less: new bad debts</p> </td> <td width="98"> <p>5,000</p> </td> <td width="99"></td> </tr><tr><td width="197"> <p>Wages</p> </td> <td width="98"> <p>3,000</p> </td> <td width="105"></td> <td width="203"></td> <td width="98"> <p>95,000</p> </td> <td width="99"></td> </tr><tr><td width="197"> <p>Salaries</p> </td> <td width="98"> <p>4,000</p> </td> <td width="105"> <p>7,000</p> </td> <td width="203"> <p>Less: new provision</p> </td> <td width="98"> <p>4,500</p> </td> <td width="99"> <p>90,500</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="197"></td> <td width="98"></td> <td width="105"></td> <td width="203"> <p>Bank balance</p> </td> <td width="98"></td> <td width="99"> <p>10,500</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="197"></td> <td width="98"></td> <td width="105"></td> <td width="203"> <p>Bills receivables</p> </td> <td width="98"></td> <td width="99"> <p>40,000</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="197"></td> <td width="98"></td> <td width="105"></td> <td width="203"> <p>Prepaid insurance</p> </td> <td width="98"></td> <td width="99"> <p>2,000</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="197"></td> <td width="98"></td> <td width="105"></td> <td width="203"> <p>Closing stock</p> </td> <td width="98"></td> <td width="99"> <p>1,00,000</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="197"></td> <td width="98"></td> <td width="105"> <p>5,00,000</p> </td> <td width="203"></td> <td width="98"></td> <td width="99"> <p>5,00,000</p> </td> </tr></tbody></table></div>

Q7:

The following trial balance and adjustments of a trading concern on Chaitra 31, 2070 were given to you:

Debit

Amount (in Rs.)

Credit

Amount (in Rs.)

Opening stock

15,000

Capital

50,000

Discount

1,000

Creditors

4,000

Audit fees

2,500

Bills payable

1,000

General expenses

4,000

General reserves

1,000

Purchases

48,000

10% loan

10,000

Building

10,000

Provision for bad debts

1,000

Machinery

15,000

Discount received

1,000

Book debts

16,000

Sales

77,000

Cash at bank

6,000

 

 

Investment

10,000

 

 

Bills receivable

3,000

 

 

Wages and salsaries

13,000

 

 

Prepaid insurance

1,000

 

 

Interest on loan (for 6 months)

500

 

 

 

1,45,000

 

 

 

Additional information:

Closing stock Rs.26,000

General expenses is to be paid Rs.500

Outstanding interest on loan for 6 months

Insurance expired to the extent of Rs.800

Depreciate machinery by 10%

Required:

Trading a/c

Profit and loss a/c

Balance sheet


Type: Short Difficulty: Easy

Show/Hide Answer
Answer: <p>Solution:</p> <table><tbody><tr><td width="266"> <p>Dr.</p> </td> <td width="493"> <p>Trading a/c</p> </td> <td width="39"> <p>Cr.</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="266"></td> <td width="493"> <p>As on 31<sup>st</sup> Chaitra, 2069</p> </td> <td width="39"></td> </tr></tbody></table><div class="accounts"> <p></p> <table width="707"><tbody><tr class="bordered"><td width="242"> <p>Particulars</p> </td> <td width="120"> <p>Amount</p> </td> <td width="248"> <p>Particulars</p> </td> <td width="98"> <p>Amount</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="242"> <p>To opening stock</p> </td> <td width="120"> <p>15,000</p> </td> <td width="248"> <p>By sales</p> </td> <td width="98"> <p>77,000</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="242"> <p>To purchases</p> </td> <td width="120"> <p>48,000</p> </td> <td width="248"> <p>By closing stock</p> </td> <td width="98"> <p>26,000</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="242"> <p>To wages and salary</p> </td> <td width="120"> <p>13,000</p> </td> <td width="248"></td> <td width="98"></td> </tr><tr><td width="242"> <p>To gross profit c/d</p> </td> <td width="120"> <p>27,000</p> </td> <td width="248"></td> <td width="98"></td> </tr><tr><td width="242"></td> <td width="120"> <p>1,03,000</p> </td> <td width="248"></td> <td width="98"></td> </tr></tbody></table><p></p> <table><tbody><tr><td width="266"> <p>Dr.</p> </td> <td width="493"> <p>Profit and loss a/c</p> </td> <td width="39"> <p>Cr.</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="266"></td> <td width="493"> <p>As on 31<sup>st</sup> Chaitra, 2070</p> </td> <td width="39"></td> </tr></tbody></table><p></p> <table><tbody><tr class="bordered"><td width="249"> <p>Particulars</p> </td> <td width="90"></td> <td width="98"> <p>Amount</p> </td> <td width="240"> <p>Particulars</p> </td> <td width="120"> <p>Amount</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="249"> <p>To discount</p> </td> <td width="90"></td> <td width="98"> <p>1,000</p> </td> <td width="240"> <p>By gross profit b/d</p> </td> <td width="120"> <p>27,000</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="249"> <p>To audit fees</p> </td> <td width="90"></td> <td width="98"> <p>2,500</p> </td> <td width="240"> <p>By discount received</p> </td> <td width="120"> <p>1,000</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="249"> <p>To general expenses</p> </td> <td width="90"> <p>4,000</p> </td> <td width="98"></td> <td width="240"> <p>By provision for bad debts</p> </td> <td width="120"> <p>1,000</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="249"> <p>Add: outstanding</p> </td> <td width="90"> <p>500</p> </td> <td width="98"> <p>4,500</p> </td> <td width="240"></td> <td width="120"></td> </tr><tr><td width="249"> <p>To depreciation on machinery</p> </td> <td width="90"></td> <td width="98"> <p>1,500</p> </td> <td width="240"></td> <td width="120"></td> </tr><tr><td width="249"> <p>To insurance</p> </td> <td width="90"></td> <td width="98"> <p>800</p> </td> <td width="240"></td> <td width="120"></td> </tr><tr><td width="249"> <p>To interest on loan</p> </td> <td width="90"> <p>500</p> </td> <td width="98"></td> <td width="240"></td> <td width="120"></td> </tr><tr><td width="249"> <p>Add: outstanding</p> </td> <td width="90"> <p>500</p> </td> <td width="98"> <p>1,000</p> </td> <td width="240"></td> <td width="120"></td> </tr><tr><td width="249"> <p>To net profit c/d</p> </td> <td width="90"></td> <td width="98"> <p>17,700</p> </td> <td width="240"></td> <td width="120"></td> </tr><tr><td width="249"></td> <td width="90"></td> <td width="98"> <p>29,000</p> </td> <td width="240"></td> <td width="120"> <p>29,000</p> </td> </tr></tbody></table><p></p> <p></p> <p>Balance sheet</p> <p>As on 31<sup>st</sup> Chaitra, 2070</p> <table><tbody><tr class="bordered"><td width="197"> <p>Liabilities</p> </td> <td width="98"></td> <td width="105"> <p>Amt Rs.</p> </td> <td width="203"> <p>Assets</p> </td> <td width="98"></td> <td width="99"> <p>Amt Rs.</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="197"> <p>Capital</p> </td> <td width="98"> <p>50,000</p> </td> <td width="105"></td> <td width="203"> <p>Building</p> </td> <td width="98"></td> <td width="99"> <p>10,000</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="197"> <p>Add: net profit</p> </td> <td width="98"> <p>17,700</p> </td> <td width="105"> <p>67,700</p> </td> <td width="203"> <p>Machinery</p> </td> <td width="98"> <p>15,000</p> </td> <td width="99"></td> </tr><tr><td width="197"> <p>Creditors</p> </td> <td width="98"></td> <td width="105"> <p>4,000</p> </td> <td width="203"> <p>Less: depreciation</p> </td> <td width="98"> <p>1,500</p> </td> <td width="99"> <p>13,500</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="197"> <p>Bills payable</p> </td> <td width="98"></td> <td width="105"> <p>1,000</p> </td> <td width="203"> <p>Books debts</p> </td> <td width="98"></td> <td width="99"> <p>16,000</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="197"> <p>General reserves</p> </td> <td width="98"></td> <td width="105"> <p>1,000</p> </td> <td width="203"> <p>Cash at bank</p> </td> <td width="98"></td> <td width="99"> <p>6,000</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="197"> <p>10% loan</p> </td> <td width="98"></td> <td width="105"> <p>10,000</p> </td> <td width="203"> <p>Investment</p> </td> <td width="98"></td> <td width="99"> <p>10,000</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="197"> <p>Outstanding expenses:</p> </td> <td width="98"></td> <td width="105"></td> <td width="203"> <p>Bills receivable</p> </td> <td width="98"></td> <td width="99"> <p>3,000</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="197"> <p>General expenses</p> </td> <td width="98"> <p>500</p> </td> <td width="105"></td> <td width="203"> <p>Prepaid insurance</p> </td> <td width="98"> <p>1,000</p> </td> <td width="99"></td> </tr><tr><td width="197"> <p>Interest on loan</p> </td> <td width="98"> <p>500</p> </td> <td width="105"> <p>1,000</p> </td> <td width="203"> <p>Less: expired</p> </td> <td width="98"> <p>800</p> </td> <td width="99"> <p>200</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="197"></td> <td width="98"></td> <td width="105"></td> <td width="203"> <p>Closing stock</p> </td> <td width="98"></td> <td width="99"> <p>26,000</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="197"></td> <td width="98"></td> <td width="105"> <p>84,700</p> </td> <td width="203"></td> <td width="98"></td> <td width="99"> <p>84,700</p> </td> </tr></tbody></table></div>

Q8:

The following trial balance of a trading concern for the year ending Chaitra 30th, 2071 is given as:

Debit

Amount (in Rs.)

Credit

Amount (in Rs.)

Land and building

15,000

Unearned commission

2000

Goodwill

10,000

Overdraft

12,000

Drawing

5,000

Reserve for doubtful debts

1,000

Freight on sales

500

Creditors

13,000

Closing stock

7,000

Purchase return

1,500

Discount allowed

500

Sales

90,000

Cash at bank

2,200

Capital

45,000

Bad debts

500

 

 

Plant and machinery

42,000

 

 

Rent, rates and insurance

900

 

 

Debtors

10,000

 

 

Salaries

7,400

 

 

Wages

3,000

 

 

Sales return

500

 

 

Purchases

48,000

 

 

Opening stock

12,000

 

 

 

Additional information:

Depreciate plant and machinery by 10%

Reserve for doubtful debts is to be maintained at 5%

Unearned commission earned to the extent of Rs.1,500.

Prepaid salary amounted to Rs.400

Required:

Trading a/c

Profit and loss a/c

Balance sheet


Type: Short Difficulty: Easy

Show/Hide Answer
Answer: <p>Solution:</p> <table><tbody><tr><td width="266"> <p>Dr.</p> </td> <td width="493"> <p>Trading a/c</p> </td> <td width="39"> <p>Cr.</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="266"></td> <td width="493"> <p>As on 31<sup>st</sup> Chaitra, 2069</p> </td> <td width="39"></td> </tr></tbody></table><div class="accounts"> <p></p> <table width="798"><tbody><tr class="bordered"><td width="233"> <p>Particulars</p> </td> <td width="114"></td> <td width="117"> <p>Amount</p> </td> <td width="238"> <p>Particulars</p> </td> <td width="96"> <p>Amount</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="233"> <p>To opening stock</p> </td> <td width="114"></td> <td width="117"> <p>12,000</p> </td> <td width="238"> <p>By sales</p> </td> <td width="96"></td> </tr><tr><td width="233"> <p>To purchase</p> </td> <td width="114"> <p>48,000</p> </td> <td width="117"></td> <td width="238"> <p>Less: returns</p> </td> <td width="96"></td> </tr><tr><td width="233"> <p>Less: returns</p> </td> <td width="114"> <p>1,500</p> </td> <td width="117"> <p>46,500</p> </td> <td width="238"></td> <td width="96"></td> </tr><tr><td width="233"> <p>To wages</p> </td> <td width="114"></td> <td width="117"> <p>3,000</p> </td> <td width="238"></td> <td width="96"></td> </tr><tr><td width="233"> <p>To gross profit c/d</p> </td> <td width="114"></td> <td width="117"> <p>28,000</p> </td> <td width="238"></td> <td width="96"></td> </tr><tr><td width="233"></td> <td width="114"></td> <td width="117"> <p>89,500</p> </td> <td width="238"></td> <td width="96"> <p>89,500</p> </td> </tr></tbody></table><p></p> <table><tbody><tr><td width="266"> <p>Dr.</p> </td> <td width="493"> <p>Profit and loss a/c</p> </td> <td width="39"> <p>Cr.</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="266"></td> <td width="493"> <p>As on 31<sup>st</sup> Chaitra, 2070</p> </td> <td width="39"></td> </tr></tbody></table><p></p> <table><tbody><tr class="bordered"><td width="249"> <p>Particulars</p> </td> <td width="90"></td> <td width="98"> <p>Amount</p> </td> <td width="240"> <p>Particulars</p> </td> <td width="120"> <p>Amount</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="249"> <p>To freight on sales</p> </td> <td width="90"></td> <td width="98"> <p>500</p> </td> <td width="240"> <p>By gross profit b/d</p> </td> <td width="120"> <p>28,000</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="249"> <p>To salaries</p> </td> <td width="90"> <p>7,400</p> </td> <td width="98"></td> <td width="240"> <p>By commission received</p> </td> <td width="120"> <p>1,500</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="249"> <p>Less: prepaid</p> </td> <td width="90"> <p>400</p> </td> <td width="98"> <p>7,000</p> </td> <td width="240"></td> <td width="120"></td> </tr><tr><td width="249"> <p>To discount allowed</p> </td> <td width="90"></td> <td width="98"> <p>500</p> </td> <td width="240"></td> <td width="120"></td> </tr><tr><td width="249"> <p>To bad debts</p> </td> <td width="90"> <p>500</p> </td> <td width="98"></td> <td width="240"></td> <td width="120"></td> </tr><tr><td width="249"> <p>Add: new provision for bad debts</p> </td> <td width="90"> <p>500</p> </td> <td width="98"></td> <td width="240"></td> <td width="120"></td> </tr><tr><td width="249"></td> <td width="90"> <p>1,000</p> </td> <td width="98"></td> <td width="240"></td> <td width="120"></td> </tr><tr><td width="249"> <p>Less: old provision for bad debts</p> </td> <td width="90"> <p>1,000</p> </td> <td width="98"> <p>0</p> </td> <td width="240"></td> <td width="120"></td> </tr><tr><td width="249"> <p>To rent rates and insurance</p> </td> <td width="90"></td> <td width="98"> <p>900</p> </td> <td width="240"></td> <td width="120"></td> </tr><tr><td width="249"> <p>To depreciation on plant and machinery</p> </td> <td width="90"></td> <td width="98"> <p>4,200</p> </td> <td width="240"></td> <td width="120"></td> </tr><tr><td width="249"> <p>To net profit c/d</p> </td> <td width="90"></td> <td width="98"> <p>16,400</p> </td> <td width="240"></td> <td width="120"></td> </tr><tr><td width="249"></td> <td width="90"></td> <td width="98"> <p>29,500</p> </td> <td width="240"></td> <td width="120"> <p>29,500</p> </td> </tr></tbody></table><p></p> <p></p> <p>Balance sheet</p> <p>As on 31<sup>st</sup> Chaitra, 2070</p> <table><tbody><tr class="bordered"><td width="197"> <p>Liabilities</p> </td> <td width="98"></td> <td width="105"> <p>Amt Rs.</p> </td> <td width="203"> <p>Assets</p> </td> <td width="98"></td> <td width="99"> <p>Amt Rs.</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="197"> <p>Capital</p> </td> <td width="98"> <p>45,000</p> </td> <td width="105"></td> <td width="203"> <p>Goodwill</p> </td> <td width="98"></td> <td width="99"> <p>10,000</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="197"> <p>Less: drawings</p> </td> <td width="98"> <p>5,000</p> </td> <td width="105"></td> <td width="203"> <p>Land and building</p> </td> <td width="98"></td> <td width="99"> <p>15,000</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="197"></td> <td width="98"> <p>40,000</p> </td> <td width="105"></td> <td width="203"> <p>Plant and machinery</p> </td> <td width="98"> <p>42,000</p> </td> <td width="99"></td> </tr><tr><td width="197"> <p>Add: net profit</p> </td> <td width="98"> <p>16,400</p> </td> <td width="105"> <p>56,400</p> </td> <td width="203"> <p>Less: depreciation</p> </td> <td width="98"> <p>4,200</p> </td> <td width="99"> <p>37,800</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="197"> <p>Bank overdraft</p> </td> <td width="98"></td> <td width="105"> <p>12,000</p> </td> <td width="203"> <p>Closing stock</p> </td> <td width="98"></td> <td width="99"> <p>7,000</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="197"> <p>Unearned commission</p> </td> <td width="98"> <p>2,000</p> </td> <td width="105"></td> <td width="203"> <p>Prepaid salary</p> </td> <td width="98"></td> <td width="99"> <p>400</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="197"> <p>Less: earned commission</p> </td> <td width="98"> <p>1,500</p> </td> <td width="105"> <p>500</p> </td> <td width="203"> <p>Debtors</p> </td> <td width="98"> <p>10,000</p> </td> <td width="99"></td> </tr><tr><td width="197"> <p>Creditors</p> </td> <td width="98"></td> <td width="105"> <p>13,000</p> </td> <td width="203"> <p>Less: provision for bad debts</p> </td> <td width="98"> <p>500</p> </td> <td width="99"> <p>9,500</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="197"></td> <td width="98"></td> <td width="105"></td> <td width="203"> <p>Cash at bank</p> </td> <td width="98"></td> <td width="99"> <p>2,200</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="197"></td> <td width="98"></td> <td width="105"> <p>81,900</p> </td> <td width="203"></td> <td width="98"></td> <td width="99"> <p>81,900</p> </td> </tr></tbody></table></div>

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Generation of Computer

Generation of Computer

Computer Generation

The history of the computer is also referred to its generation. Key technology development that vitally changed the way computers operate, resulting in increasingly smaller, cheaper, more powerful, efficient and reliable devices distinguished the generation of the computer. This division of computer according to the development period, memory, processing speed, efficiency, storage etc. is called computer generation. There are five computer generations:

First Generation (1946-1958)

Vacuum tubes were used for first generation computers for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory. They were huge and expensive to operate. Due to the consumption of great deal of electricity, it generated a lot of heat that often caused malfunctioning in the system. Example: ENIAC, UNIVAC, MARK-1.

Features:

  • They used vacuum tubes/valves as their main electronic components.
  • Storage capacity was limited to 1 KB to 4 KB.
  • They used machine level language for programming.
  • Processing speed was in a millisecond.
  • They used the magnetic drum for primary memory.

Drawbacks:

  • Difficult in maintenance.
  • No facility of linking program.
  • Difficult for logical programming.

Second Generation (1959-1964)

The transistors invented in 1947, which was not seen as extensive use, replaced vacuum tubes. The transistor was far superior to the vacuum tube that made computers become smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient and more reliable than the first generation computers. Example: IBM 1401, UNIVAC-II, IBM 1620.

Features:

  • They used transistors in place of vacuum tubes. 1 transistor was equivalent to 1000 vacuum tubes.
  • The speed of processing was increased to the microsecond.
  • They used the magnetic core as primary memory and magnetic tapes as auxiliary memory.
  • They were much smaller and more reliable.
  • They used assembly language for programming.

Third generation (1965-1974)

The development of the Integrated Circuit (IC) was the major turning point of the third generation computers. Transistors were made smaller and placed on silicon clips called semiconductors that drastically increased the speed and efficiency of computers. It was called integrated Circuit. Example: IBM 360, PDP-8, etc.

Features:

  • Integrated Circuit (IC) replaced transistors. 1 IC was equivalent to 100 transistors.
  • Processing speed was increased to the nanosecond.
  • Semiconductor memory was used instead of magnetic core memory.
  • They used high-level language for programming.
  • They were smaller, more efficient and more reliable.

Fourth Generation (1975-1990)

The development of microprocessor gave rise to the fourth generation of computers. A microprocessor has thousands of integrated circuits builds onto a single silicon clip. The Intel 4004 chips, developed in 1971 is the first microprocessor.

Features:

  • The microprocessor is used in place of transistors. Very Large Scale integration (VLSI) containing hundreds of thousands of transistors on a chip and LSIs(Large Scale Integration) containing thousand of transistors in a chip made the microprocessor.
  • The speed of processing is increased to Picosecond. Billions of instructions could be processed in a second.
  • They are very user-friendly computers which use many high-level languages for programming


Fifth Generation Computer (1991-Personal and beyond)

The fifth generation computers are based on Artificial Intelligence (AI) and are still in development. After 90s computers that support Voice Recognition System (VRS) have been developed.

Features:

  • These computers will use parallel processor made from superconductors Gallium Arsenide (GaAs)/biochip.
  • They will possess Artificial Intelligence (AI).
  • They will be able to feed input in the natural language.

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

It is the biotechnology, which will be used in the fifth generation computer. A computer having AI will be able to understand natural language, think and make decisions.

Lesson

Generation of Computer

Subject

Computer

Grade

Grade 8

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