Trade

The action of buying and selling goods and services is called trade. It involves transfer or exchange of goods for moneyIt is essential fo the satisfaction of human needs/wants.Broadly they are two types of trade are as follows:

Internal Trade

Traders buy goods in one part of the country and sell in other places inside Nepal. Fruits vegetables, animals, wood and some manufactured goods such as Coca-Cola and noodles move around like this. This is an internal trade.

External Trade

Very few countries have everything they need. For example, many countries have no oil. So countries buy goods (import) from other countries and sell other goods (export) to other countries. It is good to sell more than you buy. This is trade surplus. If a country buys more than it sells, it has a trade deficit which means less money for investment and development. The patterns of international trade are very complicated, and an important part of world politics, but many LDC export one or two raw materials ( such as coffee, sugar, cotton), while MDC export more expensive manufactured goods.

Importance of international trade

Some big countries such as India have tried a policy of being self-sufficient, that is not to trade at all with other countries, but only to use their own natural and human resources, and developing their own industries to supply all their own national needs

Even countries which could be self-sufficient are now entering into world trade. Increasingly all countries are waiting to join in free world trade. So there must be advantages! However, poorer countries with only one or two raw materials to export may be always in danger: too much of their product causes low prices, but the harvest fails there may be insufficient to export, or world demands may change. So there are dangers as well. But let's look at the advantages.

1. If one country concentrates on a certain product, they can develop skills and knowledge and product very high-quality goods.
2. It is sensible to use resources and tools in the place where they are found.
3. Once a trade is established and more than local needs have to be produced, employment opportunities increase.
4. The currency of the rich nations is reliable, so international trade enables us to earn this foreign currency, by selling our products.
5. Many countries will buy our craft items, and this help to preserve our traditional art and craft skills, encouraging young people to learn them.

International trade for Nepal

Nepal's international trade is in deficit. The trade is India-centered but the government has started trade diversification by keeping trade relation with other countries. Nepal exports raw materials at a low price and imports manufactured goods at the high price. The main exports of our country are ready-made dresses, carpets, agriculture and forest-related goods. But the international market of many of our exports has declined recently.

Problems

Nepal's international trade is not prospering. It has many problems, which are ,

1. Too much import and too little export
   Nepal's export mainly constitutes primary products or raw materials, which get a little price. In turn, it has to pay much more for its large imports which are mostly manufactured goods. Investors in Nepal are encouraged in trade so they trade more in foreign goods, which also helps to grow the volume of imports.
   
   
2. Open border
   Nepal borders with India on three sides. More than one-third of our trade is with India. Large quantities of goods move across the border through several secret routes. Consumers from each country collect their daily goods outside so that they get at a cheaper price. Due to such illegal trade practice, transaction statistics taken cannot be real.
   
   
3. Land-locked
   Sea transport is a cheapest and most widely used system of transport for international trade. Being a landlocked country, Nepal is deprived of this cheapest system. It has to use Indian Territory to reach the sea. Transport is costly and goods become expensive. There is not an easy alternative way because our border with china in the north is geographically difficult and the sea their lies at the greater distance.
   
   
4. Heavy import of luxury items
   Nepali consumers are fascinated a lot by foreign-made luxury goods. The government also has a policy of importing such goods so that more customs duty can be charged. When a country wealth is drained out in importing luxury items, there is a lack of capital left for development of indigenous industries.
   
   
5. Unaware consumers and irresponsible traders
   Nepali consumers are easily moved by popular luxury goods of foreign brands. Their needs are created by others, say manufacturers and advertisers. Many traders are found smuggling goods across the border.

Solutions measures

• Grow indigenous industries to supply consumer goods
• Export more agro-products and forest product
• Strict control over border
• Raise awareness among consumers for their love for national products
• Develop trade relations with more countries other than India
• Limit the import of luxury goods
• Create conducive environment to encourage Nepal investors to invest in industries
• Modernized agriculture