Digestive System
In this note we learned about the process of digestion. Food enters the mouth and then is crushed into pieces by the teeth. Saliva mixed with food will generate a semi-liquid mass called bolus. Bolus enters into stomach through esophagus which is guarded by two sphincter. The top sphincter is called epiglottis and lower sphincter is called lower esophageal sphincter. Bolus is turned into chyme by dissolving it in Hydrochloric acid in the stomach. Most of the chyme is digested and absorbed in small intestine
Summary
In this note we learned about the process of digestion. Food enters the mouth and then is crushed into pieces by the teeth. Saliva mixed with food will generate a semi-liquid mass called bolus. Bolus enters into stomach through esophagus which is guarded by two sphincter. The top sphincter is called epiglottis and lower sphincter is called lower esophageal sphincter. Bolus is turned into chyme by dissolving it in Hydrochloric acid in the stomach. Most of the chyme is digested and absorbed in small intestine
Things to Remember
- Digestion or the breaking down of food into small molecules that will be absorbed into our bloodstream begins when you put food in your mouth and begin to chew.
- When we swallow the food goes into a tube called the esophagus.
- The stomach is a sack that receives the food from the esophagus.
- The stomach makes digestive juices (acids and enzymes) that help to break our food down into a thick liquid or paste called chyme.
- The most important part of digestion takes place in the small intestine.
- The undigested food leaves the small intestine and then enters the large intestine.
- The solid waste then collects in the rectum at the end of the large intestine and will finally leave the body through an opening called the anus.
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Subjective Questions
Q1:
Define measles .
Type: Short Difficulty: Easy
<p>Measles is caused by RNA virus belonging to paramyxovirus family. A man is the only one reservoir of infection and disease may occur as an epidemic or endemic. The disease is transmitted by droplet spread from the secretion of the nose and throat usually 4 days before and 5 days after the appearance of a rash.</p>
Q2:
What is the classification of measles and its management ?
Type: Long Difficulty: Easy
<p>The treatment of measles includes symptomatic and supportive. This includes:</p>
<ul>
<li>Antipyretics for high fever</li>
<li>Antibiotics for secondary bacterial infection</li>
<li>Maintain nutritionally and hydration</li>
<li>Nebulization for a severe cough</li>
<li>Maintain oral and body hygiene (special focus on skin care i.e avoid scratching)</li>
<li>Injection of diazepam or phenobarbitone for convulsion if present.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Classification and management according to IMCI guidelines</strong></p>
<p><u>Severe complicated measles</u></p>
<p><strong>Diagnosis</strong>:</p>
<ol>
<li>Clinical presentations mentioned above + any one of the following symptoms/signs: vomiting everything, inability to shrink or breastfeed And convulsion</li>
<li>On examination: a presence of signs of complication after the rash has disappeared i.e lethargy or unconsciousness, corneal clouding, deep and extensive mouth ulcer, pneumonia, diarrhea, strider and severely malnourished.</li>
</ol>
<p><strong>Treatment</strong>:</p>
<ol>
<li>Admit the child in a hospital.</li>
<li>Give vitamin A therapy unless the child has already had adequate vitamin A to prevent blindness. The dose is 2 lakh units orally for children more than 1 years of age for 2 consecutive days ( the first dose immediately and the second dose in follow-up visit if the child shows signs of vitamin A deficiency or severely malnourished.</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>Supportive care: Isolation for 5<sup>th</sup> day of rash, care and maintain respiratory hygiene, bed rest during pro-dermal stage, antipyretic for fever, nutritional support, (assessment of nutritional status, weight of baby) , continue breastfeeding, frequent small meal, check and fare of mouth ulcer, eye care, and skin care.</li>
</ul>
<ol>
<li>Monitor fever twice a day and also monitor signs of complication.</li>
<li>Follow up: Ask the mother to return immediately if any complication arises.</li>
</ol>
<p><u>Nonsevere measles</u></p>
<p><strong>Diagnosis</strong>:</p>
<p>Measles rashes or of the child has a fever, generalized rash and one of the following (a cough running nose or red eye) but n features of severe measles.</p>
<p><strong>Treatment</strong>:</p>
<p>Treatment in outpatient, management as measles with the treatment of eye complication, and give vitamin A.</p>
<p><strong>Supportive care</strong>:</p>
<ul>
<li>Give paracetamol for fever</li>
<li>Treatment of secondary infection if present</li>
<li>Nutritional support</li>
<li>Eye care with clean cotton in boiled cooled warm water and apply tetracycline eye ointment 3times a day for 7day if an infection is present.</li>
<li>Give mouth care with clean salted water, if mouth sore is present.</li>
<li>Follow up in 2 days</li>
</ul>
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Digestive System
Digestion is the breaking down of food into forms that our bodies can use. Our body uses food as fuel to provide energy for work, play and growth. Your digestive system is responsible for converting the food we eat into energy for our bodies to use.
Digestion or the breaking down of food into small molecules that will be absorbed into our bloodstream begins when you put food in your mouth and begin to chew. Your teeth help to break the food apart, saliva helps to soften the food and your tongue helps to push the food into your throat when you are ready to swallow.
When we swallow the food goes into a tube called the esophagus. The esophagus is a muscular tube that is connected to the stomach. The muscles that surround the esophagus help to squeeze and push the food into the stomach. The process by which food moves down the esophagus is called peristalsis.
We can swallow upside down because the muscles around the esophagus are strong enough to push the food up to your stomach.
The stomach is a sack that receives the food from the esophagus. Your stomach is located just below the heart. The stomach makes digestive juices (acids and enzymes) that help to break our food down into a thick liquid or paste. This thick liquid or paste is called chyme. Your stomach is a muscular organ that is able to move in order to mix the food with digestive juices. Food usually remains in the stomach for about two hours.
After leaving the stomach the food enters the small intestine. Your small intestine is a 20-25 feet tube that is coiled up in your abdomen. The center of your small intestine is right behind your belly button. The most important part of digestion takes place in the small intestine. As the thick liquid food paste travels through your small intestine the nutrients (vitamins, minerals, proteins, carbohydrates and fats) are absorbed by millions of tiny finger-like objects called villi and sent into your bloodstream where the nutrients can travel to all your body cells.
Our body does not digest all of the food that we eat. The undigested food leaves the small intestine and then enters the large intestine. The large intestine is about five feet long so it is shorter than the small intestine. The large intestine is however, thicker or wider than the small intestine and that is why it is called the large intestine.
The undigested food enters the large intestine as a liquid paste. In the large intestine, water is removed from the liquid paste turning what is left into solid waste. Remember, liquid paste to solid waste. The solid waste then collects in the rectum at the end of the large intestine and will finally leave the body through an opening called the anus.
Stomach growling occurs when the stomach receives signals from your brain to begin digestion but the stomach is empty. Your brain might sense you're running low on energy (glucose) or even seeing or smelling something you want to eat can get things going. The motion of the stomach muscles begins, but the organ is hollow. The movement of the muscles mixing the acids of the stomach in the hollow space of the stomach produces vibrations we hear as growling, or rumbling, or gurgling.
The obvious solution is to eat, but this is not always practical. Because your body responds to things that you do daily I suspect that people who eat on very regular schedules may be more susceptible to this problem. For example, if the stomach receives food at noon every day then the body will expect food at noon, whether food is present or not.
Lesson
Human Nutrition
Subject
Science
Grade
Grade 9
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