Earthquake and Flood

Earthquake is the sudden shaking or vibration of the crust of the earth. It is the result of sudden release of energy from the Earth's crust. Earthquake does not kill any people or wildlife but people are killed by their constructions during the earthquake. We should create awareness programs to minimize the effects of Earthquake. When the amount of water in the river increases due to over rainfall or over the melting of snow, the water gets overflow and submerges the land. This is known as flooding. It causes great loss of life and physical properties. This note provides information about the earthquake and flood with its causes, effects and preventive measures.

Summary

Things to Remember

The sudden shaking or the vibration of the Earth's crust is known as Earthquake.
The largest earthquake ever recorded was a magnitude 9.5 in Chile on May 22, 1960.
A British Seismologist named John Milne invented an instrument called Seismograph that is used to records the shaking of the Earth's surface.
The Earthquake more than 6 Richter scale is very destructive.
Nepal was hit by the devasting Earthquake of 7.8 Richter scale on 12^th Baisakh 2072.
A flood is an overflow of water that submerges land.
Some of the causes of the flood are rain, river overflow and dam breaking.
Earthquake causes flooding and landslides.
Earthquake inside the ocean causes a tsunami.
We should create awareness programs about the effects of flood and earthquake.

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Subjective Questions

Q1:

What are the things that need to be prepared before delivery ?

Type: Short Difficulty: Easy

Show/Hide Answer

Answer: Preparation for delivery
 
<ol>
<li>Preparation of environment for a safe delivery</li>
</ol>
_ room should be clean and wipe with antiseptic solution or bleaching solution.
_ maintain good light and adequate ventilation.
_ delivery room should be warm to prevent hypothermia of neonate.
_ perineal light should be check for proper functioning or not.
_ mattress should be covered with rubber sheet and then with draw sheet.
_ keep ready 2-3 extra pillows, blanket, and mackintosh.
_ keep Ready of IV stand, IV set, drip, O2 cylinder and tube.
_ do not allow to enter unnecessary personnel.
_ delivery bed should have warm leggings.
 
<ol>
<li>Preparation of women</li>
</ol>
_ bath especially below the waist to keep the skin clean and to prevent infection.
_ bladder should be emptied regularly.
_ clean and trim the perineal region and apply perineal pad.
_ change the clean hospital gown and apply leggings.
_ provide glucose water, hot and cold water.
_ sponging her face and neck by cold water.
_ extra -ordinary ornament should be removed.
_ behave with warm friendly manner.
_ teach women about bearing down effort during contraction and taking long respiration during relaxation period.
_ proper privacy should be maintained.
 
<ol>
<li>Preparation of self</li>
</ol>
_ nails should be short
_ make the hair tidy.
_ remove the ring and wrist watch.
_ familiarize yourself with women's condition by checking chart and collecting important information.
_ wash hand maintaining sterilized technique.
_ put on the gloves
_ open the delivery set and arrange the equipment in respective place in a proper manner.
_ ask your assistance to check FHS, contraction, maternal vitals sign regularly.
_ keep the necessary equipment near herself.
 
 
 
 
 
<ol>
<li>Preparation of equipment for delivery</li>
</ol>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td width="142">
SN
</td>
<td width="142">
Sterile equipment
</td>
<td width="142">
Amount
</td>
<td width="142">
Purpose
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="142">
1.
</td>
<td width="142">
Sponge forceps or sponge holder
</td>
<td width="142">
2
</td>
<td width="142">
_to clean the external genital area with antiseptic solution.
_ to deliver placenta.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="142">
2.
</td>
<td width="142">
Plain artery forceps
</td>
<td width="142">
2
</td>
<td width="142">
_ to clamp umbilical cord to prevent bleeding.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="142">
3.
</td>
<td width="142">
Cord cutting scossors
</td>
<td width="142">
1
</td>
<td width="142">
_ for cord cutting
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="142">
4.
</td>
<td width="142">
Gallipot
</td>
<td width="142">
1
</td>
<td width="142">
_ to keep antiseptic solution
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="142">
5.
</td>
<td width="142">
Kidney tray
</td>
<td width="142">
1
</td>
<td width="142">
_ to receive placenta and blood.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="142">
6.
</td>
<td width="142">
Perineal sheet
</td>
<td width="142">
1
</td>
<td width="142">
_to show necessary vulva area only, to prevent contamination pf equipment during suturing.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="142">
7.
</td>
<td width="142">
Perineal pad
</td>
<td width="142">
3-4
</td>
<td width="142">
_ to support perineum during delivery and apply perineal pad after delivery.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="142">
8.
</td>
<td width="142">
Sterile gloves
</td>
<td width="142">
2 pairs
</td>
<td width="142">
_ to wear by a midwife for delivery and for suturing perineum.
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
 
Episiotomy set
<ol>
<li>Episiotomy scissors-1</li>
<li>Tooth dissecting forceps-1</li>
<li>Non-tooth dissecting forceps -1</li>
<li>Small artery forceps -2</li>
<li>Needle holder -1</li>
<li>Thread cutting scissors-1</li>
<li>Round body needle with chromic catgut 2 o-1</li>
<li>Small gallipot -1</li>
<li>Another equipment os as in normal delivery.</li>
</ol>

Q2:

Explain the care of women in a 2nd stage of labour ?

Type: Long Difficulty: Easy

Show/Hide Answer

Answer: Care ;
<ol>
<li>Monitoring maternal and fetal condition</li>
</ol>
 
<ol>
<li>Maternal condition</li>
</ol>
_ observation includes the mother's ability to cope emotionally as well as an assessment of her well being.
_ maternal pulse rate is usually recorded every half an hour and blood pressure every hour.
_ these should remain within normal limits.
 
<ol start="2">
<li>Fetal condition</li>
</ol>
_ if the membrane is ruptured, observe the color of liquor, ie.clear,meconium stained or blood stained.
_ the midwife should learn to recognize the normal change in fetal heart rate pattern during the second stage.
 
<ol>
<li>Monitoring progress of labour</li>
</ol>
_ uterine contraction
_ the strength, length and frequency of the contraction should be assessed continuously by uterine palpation.
_ they are usually stronger and longer than during the 1st stage of labor, lasting up to one minute.
_ descent, rotation and flexion.
_ -for a multiparous woman, birth usually occurs within minutes of complete dilation, perhaps only one push later.
-but the nulliparous woman usually pushes for 1-2 hours before delivery. The nurse will begin preparation for delivery when a multiparous woman is 6-7 cm dilated because progression through the last few cm of dilation can occur from few minutes to hours.
-transfer of nulliparous woman should take place when the presenting part begins to descend the perineum between contraction during the 2nd stage of labor.
 
<ol>
<li>Support for birthing position</li>
</ol>
_ there is no single position for childbirth.
Birth attendants /midwife play a major role in influencing a women's choice of position for birth.
<ol>
<li>Upright position</li>
</ol>
This position reduces the duration of the second stage, the need for forceps or vacuum assisted birth and episiotomy.
 
<ol>
<li>Squatting</li>
</ol>
Is highly effective in facilitating the descent and birth of the fetus.
It is considered to be the best position for the 3rd stage of labour.
 
iii. Standing position
The side lying position.
Is an effective position for the second stage, with the upper part of woman's leg, had by a nurse or placed on a pillow.
 
<ol start="4">
<li>Provision of comfort and support</li>
</ol>
_ nurse should provide emotional support to a woman with labour.
_ encourage her good communication and support by staff.
_ maintain privacy and confidentiality.
 
<ol start="5">
<li>Prevention of infection</li>
</ol>
_ hospital is notorious source of infection.
_ bathroom, sinks, a toilet should be cleaned and disinfected.
_ beds must also be cleaned thoroughly after use.
_ personal hygiene is important.
_ the nurse must wash her hands before and after examining the mother.
 
<ol start="6">
<li>Care of perineum</li>
</ol>
_ clean the women perineum with an antiseptic solution.
_ place one sterile drape under the woman's buttock.
_ as the pressure of the head thin at the perineum control the birth of the head with the finger of one hand applying firm gentle downward pressure to maintain flexion allow natural stretching of perineum tissue.
_ use other hand to support the perineum using a compress or cloth and allow the head the crown slowly.
_ delivery the head in between contraction.
_ performs timely episiotomy when indicated after giving local anesthesia.
_ when the axillary crease is seen guide head downward, the mother's abdomen as the posterior shoulder is born over perineum.
_ lift baby's head anteriorly to delivery the posterior shoulder.
_ immediately after birth, the cervix vagina and perineum are inspected for tear.

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Earthquake and Flood

Earthquake

When there is a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust, it creates a seismic wave that results in the sudden shaking or vibration of the Earth's crust or surface. This shaking or vibration of the crust or surface of the earth is known as an earthquake. It does not occur frequently but it occurs suddenly without warning causing huge destruction of life and human properties. Earthquakes makelong cracks in the earth's surface called fault lines and can be felt over large areas. Although they usually last less than one minute. We cannot predict the earthquake but also scientists are working on it. There are about 500,000 earthquakes a year around the world, as detected by sensitive instruments. Out of them about 100,000 of those can be felt, and 100 or so cause damage each year. The largest earthquake ever recorded was a magnitude 9.5 in Chile on May 22, 1960. Depending upon the type of movement, Earthquakes are of two types, they are horizontal Earthquake and Vertical Earthquake.

A British Seismologist named John Milne invented an instrument called Seismograph that is used to records the shaking of the Earth's surface. The Earthquake is measured in Richter Scale. The Seismograph measures the Earthquake waves from the range between 0- 9 Richter Scale. The Earthquake more than 6 Richter scale is very destructive. The point inside the surface of the earth through which Earthquake origin is known as Hypocenter. It is always below the earth's surface and most of the Earthquakes have their epicenter at a depth of less than 60 km. Similarly, the point on the surface of the Earth just above the hypocenter is knowns as Epicenter. The magnitude of Earthquake is found more in the epicenter.

Earthquake is very dangerous. It destructs the human properties. Earthquake does not kill any people or wildlife but people are killed by their constructions during the earthquake. Earthquake inside the seas or ocean causes tsunami and also it causes volcanoes that cause great loss of life and property. This damage can be minimized by better construction, safety systems, early warning, and planning.
Recently, Nepal was hit by the devasting Earthquake of 7.8 Richter scale on 12^th Baisakh 2072. The epicenter was Barpak village of the Gorkha district. During this disaster, more than 8,800 people were killed and millions of people were homeless. This disaster badly affects western and central region of Nepal especially in hilly and mountain region. This cause huge loss of life and human properties. Many old buildings including World Heritage like Basantapur Durbar Square, Swayambhunath Stupa were destroyed. It also causes a huge avalanche in Langtang valley killing hundreds of people and some in the mountain region. The Earthquake of 6.9 Richter Scale in 2045 BS was felt in Nepal. The Nepal was also hit by the massive Earthquake in 1990 BS.

Causes of Earthquake

Some of the causes of Earthquake are discussed below,

Tectonic Forces: The crust of the Earth is divided into several mega plates. These plates are known as continental plates. They are in continuous motion. Sometimes they move towards eachother and sometimes away from eachother due to the tectonic force generated inside the surface of the Earth. The movement of this place causes them to bend, fracture and overlapping which results into an earthquake.
Volcano Eruption: Volcano is also considered as the causes of Earthquake. During volcano eruption, the inside content of the earth like rocks, magma, etc comes out from the earth crust. They come out forcefully affecting the continental plates and causing vibration on the surface of the Earth.
Mine Blast and Nuclear Tests: Various projects and works are carried out by developed and powerful countries like mine blast and nuclear tests. These activities create pressure on the internal part of the Earth and cause contraction and expansion of the rocks and movement of liquid and gasses inside the earth causing movement of the surface of the earth.

Source:www.cnn.com. Fig: Earthquake — _{^{Source:www.cnn.com.}}
Fig: Earthquake

Effect of Earthquake

Destroys life and human properties and constructions like buildings, bridges, canals, etc.
Damages the transportation systems, communication systems, etc.
Damages old house and cultural heritages.
Causes flooding, avalanche, and landslide.
When Earthquake occurs inside the oceans, it causes the tsunami.
Causes Glacial Lake Outburst Flood in the Himalayan Region.
It may cause cracks in the crust.

Safety Precautions for Earthquake

We cannot stop Earthquake from coming. We can't get any warnings before the Earthquake. But we can be minimized the effects of Earthquake. The effects of Earthquake can be minimized in various ways which are discussed below in three topics,

Before an Earthquake

We should not put heavy furniture, mirrors, etc near our beds.
We should set up family meeting location in a safe area.
Awareness programs should be created about the effects of Earthquake.
We should put an emergency bag with nonperishable food, water, first aid supplies, flashlights etc.
We should secure items that may be vulnerable to shaking.

During an Earthquake

We should not stay near furniture and windows.
We should immediately turn off the gas and electricity if possible.
We should stay in open areas that if free of buildings, power lines, towers and other potential hazards.
We should stay in a safe place like under the desk or table by covering our head and neck with our hands.
If we are driving then we should stop our vehicle. Do not stop near power lines, bridges, overpass etc.

After an Earthquake

We should be aware of aftershocks. It can last for few days or months.
Injuries should be immediately treated and given health assistant.
We should turn off gas, electricity and water supply.
We should immediately rescue the people who are trapped in Earthquake.
We should keep our phone lines clear for emergency use.
We should not enter the damaged building.

Flood

When the amount of water in the river increases due to over rainfall or over the melting of snow, the water gets overflow and submerges the land. This is known as flooding. It is very dangerous. It destroys land, crops, animals and life. It sinks the whole city or village area. Some floods occur suddenly and stop quickly whereas some stops after few days or month. Flood carries along objects like houses, animals, cars, furniture, some peoples etc. It can wipe away farms, trees, and much more heavy items. It is a common natural disaster and occurs in those areas where there is more rainfall. The most deadly flooding occurred in 1931 in China and killed about 2,500,000 people.

Causes of Flood

Some of the causes of flood are discussed below,

Rain: When there is excessive rainfall in a short period of time, then it causes a flash flood. When there is small rainfall for a longer period of time then it increases the level of water in river causing flooding in the river.

River overflow: Due to some reasons, the river can overflow from their normal path causing a flood. Some of the reasons for the overflow of the river from the normal path are like an increase in the amount of water, some obstacles blocking the passage of water, etc.

Dam breaking: Various dams are made to hold up water for the generation of electricity. Sometimes, too much water held up in the dam cause it to break and overflow the area. Some of the reasons for the breaking of the dam are also like weak support, some natural disaster like earthquake, landslide etc. The breaking of dam let the massive flow of reserved water causing a flood.

Precaution before a Flood

We should construct barriers or walls at the both sides of the river to prevent overflow of the river.
The government should warn the people if there is the possibility of coming flood.
We should not construct houses near rivers or in a floodplain area.
We should immediately move to higher ground if there is the possibility of a flash flood.
We should be mentally and physically prepared.
Awareness programs should be created about the flooding.

www.dailymail.co.uk Fig: Flooding — _{^{www.dailymail.co.uk}}
Fig: Flooding

Precaution during the Flood

We should not walk through a moving water.
We should move to higher places during flooding.
We should not drive in flooded areas.
We should turn off the electricity and do not touch the electrical equipment if we are wet or standing in water.

Precaution after the flood

We should clean our environment after the flood.
We should remove floodwater as it is contaminated by sewage and harmful materials
We should repair damaged septic tanks, cesspools, pits, etc as soon as possible.
We should return to our area if it is declared as a safe place.

Preventive Measures of Flood

We should plant trees on both sides of the river.
Deforestation and overgrazing should be stopped.
We should construct a wall on both sides of the rivers.
The direction of flow of water of river must be fixed in only one direction.

Lesson

Primary Health Care and Safety Education

Subject

Enviroment Population and Health

Grade

Grade 9

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