Population Density
The age-sex composition of the population can be also expressed interms of the pyramid. Population pyramid can be defined as the graphical presentation of the age-sex composition of the population and population density ca be defined as the total number of people living in a per unit are or unit volume. This note provides information about population pyramid and population density by ecological region, development region and by place of residence.
Summary
The age-sex composition of the population can be also expressed interms of the pyramid. Population pyramid can be defined as the graphical presentation of the age-sex composition of the population and population density ca be defined as the total number of people living in a per unit are or unit volume. This note provides information about population pyramid and population density by ecological region, development region and by place of residence.
Things to Remember
- Population pyramid can be defined as the graphical presentation of the age-sex composition of the population.
- Population density ca be defined as the total number of people living in a per unit are or unit volume.
- Population density can be calculated by, Population density = \(\frac{P}{A}\).
- The development region with highest population density is central development density.
- The ecological region with highest population density is hilly region.
- The reasons of high population density in the terai region is better facilities and more industries.
- The population density of rural area has increased from 138 km square.
MCQs
No MCQs found.
Subjective Questions
Q1:
Define office.
Type: Short Difficulty: Easy
<p>There are two components they are:</p>
<p><strong>Traditional View:</strong></p>
<p>Traditional concept defines office as the place to perform all managerial and clerical activities. It is the definite area in business. All business functions are regulated and directed from office. It collects and stores information of office.</p>
<p><strong>J.C.Denyer-</strong> Office is a place where clerical operations are carried on.</p>
<p><strong>M.C. Shukla-</strong> The point at which the greatest concentration of paperwork activity is found is popularly referred to as the office.</p>
<p>Therefore, Traditional concept explains office as a specified place. It is the particular place for handling whole business.</p>
<p><strong>Modern View:</strong></p>
<p>The modern concept of office explains office as an activity rather than the place. According to this concept, any place can be said as an office, if the official activities such as executive and clerical activities function are performed.</p>
<p><strong>Jame Stephenson- </strong>The office is that part of business enterprises which is devoted to the direction and coordination of its various activities. It is the seat, not only of the administrative activities which determine the policy of the whole business but also of the principal executive activities whereby that policy is carried into effect.</p>
<p><strong>Edward Roche-</strong> Office exists anywhere certain kinds of work are performed. It is a mistake to regard an office as a specific place. Just as a tree is known by its fruits, so also a business office is known by the functions it discharges.</p>
<p>Therefore, An office is an important part of the organization in which different administrative and clerical functions are performed to achieve the objective of the organization. It has given importance to a functional area of business rather than a specific place.</p>
<p>In conclusion, an office is a place to perform all business activities relating to clerical and executive. It acts as the central point of whole organization and all the information and resource come to an office and they are distributed from the office itself. The office is the brain of an organization.</p>
<p> </p>
Q2:
Define the basic function of an office.
Type: Short Difficulty: Easy
<p style="text-align: justify;">The regular activities of collecting and distributing information are called the basic function. Receiving, recording, arranging, and disseminating information are the basic function of an office. Every type of business will perform basic activities from its office. The basic activities of office are explained as following:</p>
<ol>
<li><strong>Receiving and collection of information:</strong></li>
</ol>
<p>It is the primary function of office to collect information from the different source. Generally, there are two sources of information for office i.e internal and external. Internal information is provided from different units of the business. Letters, circulars, reports, invoices, inter-departmental notes etc are the internal sources of information. On the other hand, external sources are agencies and institution who collect and distribute information.</p>
<p><strong> </strong> <strong> 2. Recording information:</strong></p>
<p>It is the another activities of the office. The office will record the information available from a different source in ‘inward book’ and ‘dispatch book’. Both received and collected information should be properly recorded in a suitable form. That information which is available from outside the organization like letters, bill, order etc is recorded in inward books. This system of recording information helps to organize record and message of business.</p>
<ol start="3">
<li><strong>Analysing:</strong></li>
</ol>
<p>It is concerned with detail study of collected information. The hidden fact has to be highlighted through proper analysis. The information collected from different sources are raw and unprocessed form. In this function, information is studied in detail to find the necessity of information for a future purpose.</p>
<ol start="4">
<li><strong>Storing Information:</strong></li>
</ol>
<p>The recorded information should be protected for future purpose. The degree of necessity information will determine how long the information should be protected. According to the importance of information, an office will store information in a separate file.</p>
<ol start="5">
<li><strong>Distribution of Information:</strong></li>
</ol>
<p>It is the basic function of every office to distribute information to related people and department. The collected information is distributed to different people and department in order to help them in decision making and other activities.</p>
<h4> </h4>
Q3:
What is meant by an office? Describe the basic functions of an office.
Type: Long Difficulty: Easy
<p>There are two components they are:</p>
<p><strong>Traditional View:</strong></p>
<p>Traditional concept defines office as the place to perform all managerial and clerical activities. It is the definite area in business. All business functions are regulated and directed from office. It collects and stores information of office.</p>
<p><strong>J.C.Denyer-</strong> Office is a place where clerical operations are carried on.</p>
<p><strong>M.C. Shukla-</strong> The point at which the greatest concentration of paperwork activity is found is popularly referred to as the office.</p>
<p>Therefore, Traditional concept explains office as a specified place. It is the particular place for handling whole business.</p>
<p><strong>Modern View:</strong></p>
<p>The modern concept of office explains office as an activity rather than the place. According to this concept, any place can be said as an office, if the official activities such as executive and clerical activities function are performed.</p>
<p><strong>Jame Stephenson- </strong>The office is that part of business enterprises which is devoted to the direction and coordination of its various activities. It is the seat, not only of the administrative activities which determine the policy of the whole business but also of the principal executive activities whereby that policy is carried into effect.</p>
<p><strong>Edward Roche-</strong> Office exists anywhere certain kinds of work are performed. It is a mistake to regard an office as a specific place. Just as a tree is known by its fruits, so also a business office is known by the functions it discharges.</p>
<p>Therefore, An office is an important part of the organization in which different administrative and clerical functions are performed to achieve the objective of the organization. It has given importance to a functional area of business rather than a specific place.</p>
<p>In conclusion, an office is a place to perform all business activities relating to clerical and executive. It acts as the central point of whole organization and all the information and resource come to an office and they are distributed from the office itself. The office is the brain of an organization.</p>
<h4>Basic Function:</h4>
<p>The regular activities of collecting and distributing information are called the basic function. Receiving, recording, arranging, and disseminating information are the basic function of an office. Every type of business will perform basic activities from its office. The basic activities of office are explained as following:</p>
<ol>
<li><strong>Receiving and collection of information:</strong></li>
</ol>
<p>It is the primary function of office to collect information from the different source. Generally, there are two sources of information for office i.e internal and external. Internal information is provided from different units of the business. Letters, circulars, reports, invoices, inter-departmental notes etc are the internal sources of information. On the other hand, external sources are agencies and institution who collect and distribute information.</p>
<h4><strong> </strong> 2.<strong> Recording information:</strong></h4>
<p>It is the another activities of the office. The office will record the information available from a different source in ‘inward book’ and ‘dispatch book’. Both received and collected information should be properly recorded in a suitable form. That information which is available from outside the organization like letters, bill, order etc is recorded in inward books. This system of recording information helps to organize record and message of business.</p>
<ol start="3">
<li><strong>Analysing:</strong></li>
</ol>
<p>It is concerned with detail study of collected information. The hidden fact has to be highlighted through proper analysis. The information collected from different sources are raw and unprocessed form. In this function, information is studied in detail to find the necessity of information for a future purpose.</p>
<ol start="4">
<li><strong>Storing Information:</strong></li>
</ol>
<p>The recorded information should be protected for future purpose. The degree of necessity information will determine how long the information should be protected. According to the importance of information, an office will store information in a separate file.</p>
<ol start="5">
<li><strong>Distribution of Information:</strong></li>
</ol>
<p>It is the basic function of every office to distribute information to related people and department. The collected information is distributed to different people and department in order to help them in decision making and other activities.</p>
<h4> </h4>
Q4:
Define functions of office according to auxiliary or administrative functions.
Type: Short Difficulty: Easy
<ul>
<li><strong>Protecting assets:</strong><br />All assets movable and immovable, documents and office record should be safely guarded. Buildings, machines, office equipment, vehicles, debtors, cash and bank balance etc. are the assets and properties. Hence, an office is responsible for taking care and saving these assets through insurance policies, locker etc.<br /><br /></li>
<li><strong>Managerial functions:</strong><br />Good management is most important for making a business successful. An office performs a number of managerial functions such as planning, organising, directing, coordinating, communicating. Therefore, managerial functions help in smooth functioning of the organisation.<br /><br /></li>
<li><strong>Purchase and control function</strong><br />The office will involve identifying different assets and resource requirement for business. It is the basic function of office to purchase an appropriate asset at a reasonable price. The office develops the systematic mechanism to purchase an asset and other resource required for business at minimum possible cost.<br /><br /></li>
<li><strong>Public relation:</strong><br />Public relation are crucial function of an office. The main purpose of a public relation is to make an organisation look trust worthy to all people who deal with in its all action. The office has to keep close relations with its suppliers, investors and the general people as well. The office maintains a close relation with public by regular distributing information and organising different activities.<br /><br /></li>
<li><strong>Forms design and control:</strong><br />An office designs, develops and prepares many types of form needed for office management. The office needs a different kind of forms such as bills, inquiry form, voucher, letter pad, purchase order etc. Therefore, an office should design separate form for each kind of activity.<br /><br /></li>
<li><strong>Purchasing stationery and supplies<br /></strong>Office stationery and supplies are essential for doing work. Office must be involved in controlling stationery and supply materials as efficiently as possible while buying, storing, issuing, and using them in order to minimize wastages and losses.<br /><br /></li>
<li><strong>Purchasing office machines and furniture:</strong><br />Office requires various types of office furniture and machines for efficient performance. Machines,equipment and furniture are the important assets of an office which contribute to the efficient functioning of the organising.<br /><br /></li>
<li><strong>Performing personal functions:</strong><br />Office is also related to recruiting, training, placing,and promoting the employees. Besides these, the office should also direct, motive, coordinate and remunerate employees to maximize their productivity.<br /><br /></li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
Q5:
Explain the functions of office.
Type: Long Difficulty: Easy
<p>The regular activities of collecting and distributing information are called the basic function. Receiving, recording, arranging, and disseminating information are the basic function of an office. Every type of business will perform basic activities from its office. The basic activities of office are explained as following:</p>
<ol>
<li><strong>Receiving and collection of information:</strong></li>
</ol>
<p>It is the primary function of office to collect information from the different source. Generally, there are two sources of information for office i.e internal and external. Internal information is provided from different units of the business. Letters, circulars, reports, invoices, inter-departmental notes etc are the internal sources of information. On the other hand, external sources are agencies and institution who collect and distribute information.</p>
<p><strong> </strong> <strong> 2. Recording information:</strong></p>
<p>It is the another activities of the office. The office will record the information available from a different source in ‘inward book’ and ‘dispatch book’. Both received and collected information should be properly recorded in a suitable form. That information which is available from outside the organization like letters, bill, order etc is recorded in inward books. This system of recording information helps to organize record and message of business.</p>
<ol start="3">
<li><strong>Analysing:</strong></li>
</ol>
<p>It is concerned with detail study of collected information. The hidden fact has to be highlighted through proper analysis. The information collected from different sources are raw and unprocessed form. In this function, information is studied in detail to find the necessity of information for a future purpose.</p>
<ol start="4">
<li><strong>Storing Information:</strong></li>
</ol>
<p>The recorded information should be protected for future purpose. The degree of necessity information will determine how long the information should be protected. According to the importance of information, an office will store information in a separate file.</p>
<ol start="5">
<li><strong>Distribution of Information:</strong></li>
</ol>
<p>It is the basic function of every office to distribute information to related people and department. The collected information is distributed to different people and department in order to help them in decision making and other activities.</p>
<h4> Auxiliary or Administrative Management Functions</h4>
<p> For the smooth functioning of the organisation, there are several other activities which are performed by an office. These activities really help to improve the efficiency of an office. The administrative function of the office is related to human resource management, purchase, and control of resource protection of asset, public relation etc. Administrative function of office are explained as following:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Protecting assets:</strong><br />All assets movable and immovable, documents and office record should be safely guarded. Buildings, machines, office equipment, vehicles, debtors, cash and bank balance etc. are the assets and properties. Hence, an office is responsible for taking care and saving these assets through insurance policies, locker etc.<br /><br /></li>
<li><strong>Managerial functions:</strong><br />Good management is most important for making a business successful. An office performs a number of managerial functions such as planning, organising, directing, coordinating, communicating. Therefore, managerial functions help in smooth functioning of the organisation.<br /><br /></li>
<li><strong>Purchase and control function</strong><br />The office will involve identifying different assets and resource requirement for business. It is the basic function of office to purchase an appropriate asset at a reasonable price. The office develops the systematic mechanism to purchase an asset and other resource required for business at minimum possible cost.<br /><br /></li>
<li><strong>Public relation:</strong><br />Public relation are crucial function of an office. The main purpose of a public relation is to make an organisation look trust worthy to all people who deal with in its all action. The office has to keep close relations with its suppliers, investors and the general people as well. The office maintains a close relation with public by regular distributing information and organising different activities.<br /><br /></li>
<li><strong>Forms design and control:</strong><br />An office designs, develops and prepares many types of form needed for office management. The office needs a different kind of forms such as bills, inquiry form, voucher, letter pad, purchase order etc. Therefore, an office should design separate form for each kind of activity.<br /><br /></li>
<li><strong>Purchasing stationery and supplies<br /></strong>Office stationery and supplies are essential for doing work. Office must be involved in controlling stationery and supply materials as efficiently as possible while buying, storing, issuing, and using them in order to minimize wastages and losses.<br /><br /></li>
<li><strong>Purchasing office machines and furniture:</strong><br />Office requires various types of office furniture and machines for efficient performance. Machines, equipment and furniture are the important assets of an office which contribute to the efficient functioning of the organising.<br /><br /></li>
<li><strong>Performing personal functions:</strong><br />Office is also related to recruiting, training, placing,and promoting the employees. Besides these, the office should also direct, motive, coordinate and remunerate employees to maximize their productivity.</li>
</ul>
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Population Density
Population Pyramid
Population composition by age and sex, Nepal, 2011 AD.The age-sex composition of the population can be also expressed in terms of the pyramid. Population pyramid can be defined as the graphical presentation of the age-sex composition of the population. In population pyramid,
the percentage of the male population is presented in a horizontal bar on the right side and the percentage of the female population is also presented in the horizontal bar, but on the left side. Here, the height of the pyramid represents the age. There are various types of the pyramid. The broad-based pyramid represents the age-sex composition of developing countries with high rate population growth and fertility whereas narrow-based pyramid represents developed countries with low fertility and low population growth. Now, let us draw population pyramid from the data of population composition by age and sex of Nepal 2014 AD.
Population density
Population density can be defined as the total number of people living per unit or unit volume. We can also say, population density is the population per unit area or per unit volume. It is used to measure the pressure of population on land. Population density can be calculated by dividing the total population of a place by the total land area of that place.Population Density
Population density = \(\frac{P}{A}\)
Where,
P= Population of a place
A= Total land- area of the place
Population density is greatly affected by the environmental aspects like land, water, land topography, climate, vegetation etc. It is also socio- economic factors like industries, education, trade etc. The density of population is more in that area where there is fertile land, education, health, security, industrial centers, highways etc. and density of population is less in those areas where there is no facilities or fewer facilities like education, health, no highways and industrial centers etc. For example, the population density of Mustang is less than the population density of Kathmandu, Nepal. As Kathmandu is the Capital city and Mustang is a village where there is no roads, electricity, education, and health.
Population Density by Ecological Region
Nepal is geographically divided into three development region. They are mountain region, hilly region, and terai region. In these areas, the population is increasing day by day. The most densely populated region is terai region then hilly region and the mountain region. The population density of this three development region of Nepal is given below,
| Ecological Zones | 1991 | 2001 | 2011 |
| Mountain | 28 | 33 | 34 |
| Hill | 137 | 167 | 186 |
| Terai | 254 | 330 | 392 |
| Nepal | 126 | 157 | 180 |
The given table shows that the density of population in the mountain region and hilly region is increasing very slowly. But, the population density of terai region is increasing very rapidly. The population density of terai has increased from 254 persons per square kilometer to 392 persons per square kilometer whereas the population density of mountain has increased from only 28 persons per square kilometer to 34 persons per square kilometer in 2011 AD. The population density of hilly region has increased from 137 persons per square kilometer to 186 persons per square kilometer. The density of population in mountain region is very low because there are fewer facilities, no fertile soil, difficult topography, and less road connection. Similarly, the population density of terai region is more because there are better facilities, fertile soil, good connection of road, a large number of industries etc.
Population Density by Development Region
There are five development regions in Nepal. They are Farwestern development region, Midwestern development region, Western development region, Central development region and Eastern development region. The development region with highest population density is Central development region. The population of central development region is increasing vastly in comparison to other development regions. The population density of central development region has increased from 226 in 1991 AD to 352 per square kilometer in 2011 AD. This is because there are better facilities in central development region than other development regions. The development region with least population density is Midwestern development region. Though, the mid- western development region is the largest development region of Nepal, the population of mid- western development region is very low. This is because, there is less infrastructure for development, less socio- economic activities and less fertile land with less rainfall. The given table below shows the population density of five development regions of Nepal from 1991 to 2011 AD.
| Development Regions | 1991 | 2001 | 2011 |
| Eastern | 156 | 188 | 204 |
| Central | 226 | 293 | 352 |
| Western | 128 | 155 | 168 |
| Mid- western | 57 | 71 | 84 |
| Far western | 89 | 122 | 131 |
| Nepal | 126 | 157 | 180 |
Population Density by Place of Residence
The population density by place of residence is increasing day by day. The population density of both of the rural and urban area is increasing. The population density of rural area has increased from 138 to 153-kilometer square. Similarly, the population density of urban was 185 kilometer square in 2001 AD.
| Place | 2001 | 2011 |
| Rural | 138 | 153 |
| Urban | 985 | 1,380 |
| Nepal | 157 | 180 |
Lesson
Population Situation of Nepal and Environment
Subject
Enviroment Population and Health
Grade
Grade 9
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