Marriage and Areas Affected by Migration
Marriage is traditional to make the relationship between male and female in husband and wife since for a long period . It is a social culture process making understanding between two opposite sex to run their life . According to UN " Marriage is a legal union of the person of opposite sex, the legality of which may be established by civil religious or another means recognized by the law of each country ". There are different types of married like arrange marriage , love marriage and court marriage etc.Migration is affected by various factors like age , sex, education , occupation , employment etc. In our country, Nepal migration rate is very high from the rural area to urban areas . In Nepal , due to the lack of proper development planning and unbalanced regional development people, they move from one place to another . The people living in Mountain and Hilly regions are becoming less , due to the large migration of the people to the Terai region .
Summary
Marriage is traditional to make the relationship between male and female in husband and wife since for a long period . It is a social culture process making understanding between two opposite sex to run their life . According to UN " Marriage is a legal union of the person of opposite sex, the legality of which may be established by civil religious or another means recognized by the law of each country ". There are different types of married like arrange marriage , love marriage and court marriage etc.Migration is affected by various factors like age , sex, education , occupation , employment etc. In our country, Nepal migration rate is very high from the rural area to urban areas . In Nepal , due to the lack of proper development planning and unbalanced regional development people, they move from one place to another . The people living in Mountain and Hilly regions are becoming less , due to the large migration of the people to the Terai region .
Things to Remember
- Marriage is traditional to make the relationship between male and female in husband and wife since for a long period .
- Legal age at marriage with the consent of their parents is 18 years whereas it is 20 years without the consent of their parents .
- Due to the lack of proper development planning and unbalanced regional development people, they move from one place to another .
- When people they move from ine place to another then there will create different types of problems in the society .
MCQs
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Subjective Questions
Q1:
What are the Sign and symptoms of onset of labour ?
Type: Short Difficulty: Easy
<p>Sign and symptoms of onset of labour</p>
<ul>
<li>A feeling of activity and lightness on the part of the patient</li>
<li>A diminution of the abdominal protuberance</li>
<li>An increased vaginal secretion</li>
<li>Frequently a sympathetic irritability of the bladder, and sometimes of the rectum also.</li>
<li>Lightening: the mother would feel the descent of the fetus and changes the abdominal contour.</li>
<li>Braxton hicks contraction: painless irregular contractions</li>
<li>Bloody show</li>
<li>Sudden rush of energy: due to change in levels of estrogen and progesterone</li>
<li>An increased a backache and sacroiliac pressure</li>
<li>Ripening of cervix: soft (as butter) feeling of the cervix</li>
<li>Rupture of the membrane: “bag of water”.</li>
</ul>
Q2:
What are the factors that causes onset of labour ?
Type: Long Difficulty: Easy
<ul>
<li>Oxytocin -</li>
</ul>
<p>There is oxytocin receptor in the uterus. Oxytocin receptors are increased in the uterus with the onset of labour. And then oxytocin promotes the release of prostaglandins from the decidua. Oxytocin synthesis is increased in the decidua and in the placenta. Oxytocin level reaches the maximum at the moment of birth.</p>
<p> </p>
<ul>
<li>Feto-placental contribution</li>
</ul>
<p>It is possible that some signal is given from the feto-placental unit which plays a major role in estrogen metabolism depending on changes in fetal pituitary- adrenal activity the fetal adrenal cortex produces precursors for the synthesis of estrogen which rises rapidly during the last week from the placenta.</p>
<ul>
<li>Progesterone -</li>
</ul>
<p>A decrease in progesterone production may stimulate prostaglandins (PG) synthesis and enhance the effect of estrogen which has a stimulating effect on uterine muscle.</p>
<p> </p>
<ul>
<li>Estrogen -</li>
</ul>
<p>The probable mechanisms are-</p>
<p>- Increases the release of oxytocin from the maternal pituitary.</p>
<p>- Promotes the synthesis of receptors for oxytocin in the myometrium and decidua.</p>
<p> </p>
<ul>
<li>Prostaglandins -</li>
</ul>
<p>Prostaglandins are the important factors which initiate and maintain labour.</p>
<p>Prostaglandins stimulate smooth muscle to contract. The major sites of synthesis</p>
<p>of prostaglandins are amnion, chorion, decidua cells, and myometrium.</p>
<p> </p>
<ul>
<li>Neurological factor</li>
</ul>
<p>Labour may also be initiated through nerve pathways. Both α and β adrenergic receptors are present in the myometrium, estrogen causing the α receptors and progesterone the β receptors to function predominately. The contractile response is initiated through the α receptors of the post -ganglionic nerve fibers and around the cervix and the lower part of the uterus. The pressure of presenting part on the nerve- endings in the cervix may play some part.</p>
<p> </p>
<ul>
<li>Mechanical factors</li>
</ul>
<p>Stretching effect on the myometrium by the growing size of the fetus and liquor amnii can explain the onset of labour at least in twins and polyhydramnios. However, "optimal distension theory" fails to account for otherwise cause preterm labour.</p>
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Marriage and Areas Affected by Migration
Marriage
According to the existing law of Nepal, the legal age at marriage with the consent of their parents is 18 years whereas it is 20 years without the consent of their parents . The legal age at marriage in Bangladesh is maintained at 18 years for female and 24 years for the male. Marriage is a direct relation with fertility rate which means if the people get married in early age the population grow rapidly whereas the marriage at appropriate age helps to control the rapid population growth. Marriage is the process by which two people make their relationship public, official, and permanent. It is a social-cultural process making understanding between two opposite sex to run their life. According to UN " Marriage is a legal union of the person of opposite sex, the legality of which may be established by civil religious or another means recognized by the law of each country." There are different types of marriage like arrange marriage, love marriage, court marriage etc.
Areas Affected by Migration
Migration is affected by various factors like age, sex, education, occupation, employment etc. In our country, Nepal migration rate is very high from the rural area to urban areas. In Nepal, due to the lack of proper development planning and unbalanced regional development, people move from one place to another place. The people living in Mountain and Hilly regions are becoming less, due to the large migration of the people to the Terai region. Due to these reasons, people are facing various types of problems in both place of origin and the place of destination. Some of them are described below:
Impact on Environmental Aspect
The environmental aspect is affected by the migration. Increasing migration rate creates the problems like destruction of natural means and resources, environmental pollution environmental imbalance etc. Some other effects of environmental aspect are described below:
Fig: Pollution due to migration
- The unmanaged or over migration can cause serious pollution or environmental pollution in every place .
- The sloppy land and marginal lands are cultivated to yield more crops causing natural disasters.
- Due to migration the sources of water such as well , spring , river , rivulets are drying due to cutting down of the trees .
- Due the migration people started to cut more trees in the name of land for cultivation , resettlement and construction work etc.
- The loss of biodiversity has also become a great problem by uncontrolled migration.
- Due to uncontrolled migration results into the unbalanced distribution of the population in the country etc.
Impact on Health and Social aspect
Due to the over migration people, they will face different types of problems like there will be problems in the supply of water , electricity, and settlement in the place of destination. Some other impact on health and social aspects are described below:
Due to migration, there is the high possibility of frequent conflict, quarrels, and disputes between the migrant and non-migrant people .There will be the lack of human power for the social and economic development activities in the place of origin.
- The social crimes like theft, murder, robbery, smuggling etc may create great problems due to an overcrowded population.
- There is undue pressure in education , transportation , health services and other social sectors in the place of destination .
- Mostly in urban areas, landless people living on the bank of river and slum areas. They are vulnerable to the risk of diseases and natural calamities like Flood, landslides etc.
Impact on Economic Aspect
Different types of economic complexities are seen due to migration in the place of origin and the place of destination. Some other impacts on economic aspect are given below:
- Due to overpopulation, the unemployment problems persists in the people of destination.
- It has increased slum areas in the cities.
- The problem of famine and malnutrition has emerged because of a food crisis in the hill .
- The price of land inside the develop city started increase suddenly . etc .
Lesson
Demography, Population Change and its Management
Subject
Enviroment Population and Health
Grade
Grade 9
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