Accounting treatment for debenture (II)
A debenture is a certificate issued by a computer acknowledging a debt of a specified amount of public borrowing. The issue of debenture helps the company in borrowing the bulk amount od debts from the large section of the general public.
Summary
A debenture is a certificate issued by a computer acknowledging a debt of a specified amount of public borrowing. The issue of debenture helps the company in borrowing the bulk amount od debts from the large section of the general public.
Things to Remember
- Under-subscription is a situation in which the total number of debentures issued is not fully subscribed.
- The issue o debentures for the considerations other than cash is called issue of debenture for non-cash considerations
- The issue of debentures to a bank/money lender for the sanction of a loan as a collateral security is called collateral debentures.
- When the principal amount of debentures is repaid by an annual drawing of debentures in equal instalments over the maturity period, such a process id called redemption of debentures by annual drawing.
- Discount on issue of debentures is a capital loss.
MCQs
No MCQs found.
Subjective Questions
Q1:
'वैशाख' कवितामा प्रकृतिको कस्तो वर्णन पाइन्छ ?
Type: Short Difficulty: Easy
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Q2:
'वैशाख' कवितामा सौन्दर्यको अनुभूतिलाई कविले कसरी प्रस्तुत गरेका छन् ?
Type: Short Difficulty: Easy
Q3:
'वैशाख' कवितामा नेपाली समाजको कस्तो चित्र उतारिएको छ ?
Type: Short Difficulty: Easy
Q4:
गुरुङ्सनी, नेवार्नी र भोटेनीले केके गरे ?
Type: Short Difficulty: Easy
Q5:
"परिवर्तन प्रकृतिको नियम हो" भन्ने भनाइलाई कविताको आधारमा स्पष्ट पार्नुहोस् |
Type: Short Difficulty: Easy
Q6:
'वैशाख' कविताको मूल भाव के हो ?
Type: Short Difficulty: Easy
Q7:
मेरै धवलागिरि शिखरमा छैन मैले पुगेको
नेपालीको दिल छुन अझै छैन मैले सकेको |
Type: Long Difficulty: Easy
<p> शास्त्रीय छन्दका शिल्पी कवि घिमिरेले प्रस्तुत कवितामा ऋतुपरिवर्तनसँगै वातावरणमा हुने परिवर्तनका माध्यमबाट नेपाली जनताको परिवर्तनको अपेक्षालाई उजागर गर्ने क्रममा उक्त पद्यांश प्रयोग गरेका हुन् | कविले आफ्नो अन्तरआत्मामा उन्पन्न भएका राष्ट्रप्रेमका धवलागिरि जस्तै उच्च, स्वच्छ र पवित्र भावना तथा आकाङ्क्षालाई पूरा गर्न नसकेकाले गुनासो व्यक्त गरेका छन् | आफूले गरेका कार्यप्रति कवि यहाँ असन्तुष्ट देखिन्छन् | धवलागिरिको शिखरमा पुग्न नसक्नु ए नेपालीको हृदय छुन अहिलेसम्म नसकेको कुरा एकातर्फ कविले यहाँ व्यक्त गरेको देखिन्छ भने अर्कातिर राज्यको शासनको वागडोर हातमा लिएर नेतृत्व गर्ने व्यक्तिले राष्ट्रको आवश्यकता अनुरूप कार्य गर्न नसकेकोतर्फ उक्त कविताको अंशमा साङ्केतिक रूपमा व्यङ्ग्य गरेको देखिन्छ | </p>
Q8:
आई कैल्यै पनि नसकिने चैत वैशाख मेरा
लाई कैल्यै पनि नसकिने प्रीति नौलाख मेरा |
Type: Long Difficulty: Easy
<p> प्रस्तुत कविताका अंश कवि घिमिरेले वसन्त ऋतुमा प्रकृतिमा सिर्जना भएका सौन्दर्यप्रति कविहृदयमा उत्पन्न अनुरागलाई व्यक्त गरेका छन् | चैत र वैशाख महिना वसन्त ऋतुको समय हो, ऋतुराज वसन्तको समयमा चारैतिर प्राकृतिक वातावरण सुन्दर बनेको हुन्छ, प्रकृतिप्रेमी कवि घिमिरे पनि ऋतुराजप्रति आकर्षित भएका छन् | चैत र वैशाखलाई उनले मेरा भनेर त्यस समयप्रतिको प्रेमलाई सम्बोधन गरेका छन् | उक्त समय कविका जीवनमा सधैँ आइरहने र आएर कहिल्यै नसकिने समय हो, अर्थात यो समयको तस्वीर कविहृदयमा सजिएर बसेको छ, जसप्रति कवि घिमिरेको अनन्त प्रेम छ | कविका हृदयमा चैत र वैशाखको सुन्दर प्राकृतिक वातावरणप्रति उत्पन्न भएको प्रेम कहिल्यै सकिदैन, रित्तिदैन भन्ने धारणा प्रस्तुत कविताका अंशमा पाइन्छ |</p>
Q9:
'वैशाख' कवितामा कविले प्रकृति र मानवको सम्बन्धलाई कसरी चित्रण गरेका छन्, स्पष्ट पार्नुहोस् |
Type: Long Difficulty: Easy
<p> विवेच्य कवितामा कविले प्रकृति र मानवजीवन दुवै पक्षबीच एक आपसमा घनिष्ठ सम्बन्ध रहेको कुरालाई देखाएका छन् | प्राकृतिक वातावरणमा निरन्तर भइरहने परिवर्तनले मानव लगायत सम्पूर्ण प्राणीलाई प्रकृतिले प्रभावित पारिरहेको हुन्छ भन्ने कुरालाई कविले प्रमाणित गरेका छन् | छ वटा ऋतुहरूमध्ये कवि यहाँ वसन्तऋतुको समयमा प्रकृतिमा आउने परिवर्तन कस्तो रूपमा हुन्छ भन्ने कुरालाई देखाउँदछन् | वसन्तऋतुमा मात्र प्रकृतिमा परिवर्तन आउँछ भन्ने आशय कविको होइन, सबै ऋतुमा प्रकृतिमा परिवर्तन आउँछ तापनि यस कवितामा कवि वसन्त ऋतुमा भएको परिवर्तनप्रति बढी मोहित तथा आकर्षित भएको कुरा प्रस्तुत कविताले सङ्केत गरेको छ |</p>
<p> वसन्त ऋतुको समयमा चाहुर र डाँडाकाँडा हरिया हुनुका साथै गुरुङ्सेनीले गुराँसको फूल केशमा र भोटेनीले बुकी फूल चौबन्दी चोलोको तुनामा बाँधेर खुशी र आनन्द लिन्छन् भने कोइलीले पनि वन वनमा घुमेर मीठो प्रीतिको गीत घन्काईरहेको हुन्छ | विवेच्य कवितामा हरेक प्राणी आफ्नो जीवनमा वसन्तको आगमनलाई सहर्ष स्वीकार गरी त्यसमा रम्न चाहन्छन् भन्ने कुरालाई कविले पुष्टि गरेका छन् | वसन्त ऋतुको समय चैत र वैशाख महिना कविका लागि कहिल्यै आएर सकिदैनन् | अर्थात् चक्र जस्तै घुम्दै फिर्दै हरेक बर्ष आई नै रहन्छन् र यस ऋतुप्रतिको आफ्नो अन्तरात्माको हृदयमा उब्जिएको प्रेम पनि अनन्त भएको कुरा कवि यहाँ व्यक्त गर्दछन् | वसन्त ऋतुमा फूलेका फूलहरू जेठ महिमाको प्रचण्ड गर्मीमा वैलिने, कोइली पनि वनको पालुवा रूपी माइतीघर छोडेर विरहले हिड्ने र फूलको जस्तै कोमल तथा सुन्दर जवानीलाई हाँस्दै खेल्दै छोटो समय हामी मानिसहरू पनि यहाँ बिताउँदछौ |</p>
<p> प्रकृतिमा बोट बिरूवामा बोक्रा उप्किएर भएका घाउहरू समयको गति सँगसँगै जसरी पुरिन्छन् ठीक त्यसैगरी मानव जीवनमा पनि विगतमा सिर्जना भएका दु:ख र कष्टपूर्ण समयहरू वसन्तको आगमनसँगसँगै नयाँ वातावरणमा प्रवेश गर्दछ भनी मानवजीवनमा आउने परिवर्तन र प्रकृतिमा आउने परिवर्तनका बीचको अन्तरसम्बन्धलाई विवेच्य कवितामा कवि घिमिरेले यसरी चित्रण गरी प्रस्तुत गरेका छन् |</p>
Q10:
वैशाख' कविताका आधारमा कविलाई सौन्दर्यप्रेमी र आशावादी कविका रूपमा चिनाउनुहोस् |
Type: Long Difficulty: Easy
<p> प्रस्तुत कविताका आधारमा राष्ट्रकवि माधवप्रसाद घिमिरेलाई सौन्दर्यप्रेमी र आशावादी कविका रूपमा चिनाउन सकिन्छ | ऋतुराज वसन्तको सौन्दर्यपूर्ण प्राकृतिक वातावरणको कवि घिमिरेले यस कवितामा चित्रण गरेका छन् | चैतवैशाख कविका ज्यादै प्यारा महिना हुन्, जुन ऋतुराजको महिना पनि यही हो | यस समयमा डाँडाकाँडा, वनजङ्गल, चहुर आदि निकै नै सिन्दर र मनमोहक देखिन्छन् | चारैतिर वासन्तीपवन वहेर सुगन्ध फिजाउँछ | लेकमा गुहेंलिले मौरीलाई रसपान गर्न बिलाउँदछ, भोटेनी, नेवार्नी र गुरुङ्सेनीले गुराँस, बुकीफूल आदिले चुल्ठो र चौबन्दी चोलोको तुनामा बाँधेर आफ्ना जीवनलाई अझ सुन्दर र आकर्षक बनाई सजाउँदैछन् | चारैतिर कोइली नयाँ पालुवामा लुटपुटिदै कोहोकोहोको सुमुधुर भाकाले ऋतुराज वसन्तलाई स्वागत गरिरहेको हुन्छ | हिमशिखरहरू टल्किरहेका हुन्छन्, कस्तुरी पनि गिरिवनमा आफ्नै सुगन्ध खोज्दै चारैतिर घुम्दछ | यस्तो प्राकृतिक सौन्दर्यको वर्णन यस कवितामा भएकोले कवि घिमिरेलाई सौन्दर्यप्रेमी कविका रूपमा चिनाउँन सकिन्छ |</p>
<p> प्रस्तुत कवितामा 'वैशाख' मा हाम्रो समाज परिवर्तनको दिशातर्फ उन्मुख हुने आशावादी दृष्टिकोण कविले व्यक्त गरेका हुँदा उनलाई आशावादी कविका रूपमा पनि चिनाउन सकिन्छ | जसरी प्रकृतिमा ऋतुपरिवर्तनसँगै वातावरण पनि परिवर्तन हुन्छ ठीक त्यसरी नै हाम्रो समाजदेखि राष्ट्रको सम्पूर्ण जीवनमा परिवर्तन अवश्य हुन्छ भन्ने तर्फ कवि पूर्णरूपमा यहाँ आशावादी देखिन्छन् | चैतवैशाखको जस्तो सुन्दर समय निरन्तर आइरहने, यसप्रतिको कविहृदयमा उत्पन्न प्रेम कहिल्यै नसकिने र बोटबिरूवाका पुराना बोक्रा उप्कने, पातहरू झर्ने र त्यसका स्थानमा नवीन पालुवाको सिर्जना हुने तथा घाउमा बोक्रा पलाएर पुरिए जस्तै नेपाल र नेपाली समग्र जीवनमा परिवर्तन आउने आशा कविले विवेच्य कवितामा व्यक्त गरेबाट उनलाई आशावादी कविका रूपमा पनि चिनाउन सकिन्छ | </p>
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Accounting treatment for debenture (II)
Over-Subscription of debentures
Example:
X Limited Issued 10,000, 12% debentures of Rs 100 each payable Rs 40 on application and Rs 60 on an allotment. The public applied for 14,000 debentures. Applications for 9,000 debentures were accepted in full; applications for 2,000 debentures were allotted 1,000 debentures and the remaining applications, were rejected. All money was duly received. Journalize the transactions.
Solution:
Under-Subscription
Under-subscription is a situation in which the total number of debentures issued is not fully subscribed. It occurs when the number of debentures applied for is less than the number of debentures offered. In this case, all the debenture applications received are either acceptable fully or rejected fully. The entries are made on the basis of the actual number of debenture applied.
Example:
MM Co. Ltd has issued 5,000, 5% debentures for Rs. 100 each at par. The amount payable per debenture is as under.
On application Rs. 40
On allotment Rs. 60
The company received applications for 4,000 debentures and allotment fully. All money was duly received.
Solution:
Issue of Debentures for Non-cash Considerations
The issue of debentures for the considerations other than cash is called the issue of debenture for non-cash considerations. The company may issue debentures for discharging the amount due on the purchase of assets, purchase of a business and as collateral securities.
Example:
G.S.Rai Company purchase assets of the book value of Rs 99,000 from another firm. It was agreed that purchase consideration is paid by issuing 11% debentures of Rs 100 each. Assume debentures have been issued.
1. At the par, 2. At a discount of 10%, and 3. At a premium of 10%. Record necessary journal entries.
Solution:
Issue of Debenture as Collateral Security
The issue of debentures to a bank/money lender for the sanction of a loan as a collateral security is called collateral debentures. On repayment of the loan, the collateral security is automatically released but in a case of failure of repayment, the lender automatically becomes a debenture.
First Method
No entry is made in the books of accounts since no liability is created by such issue. However, on the liability side of the balance sheet, below the item of a loan, a note to the effect that it has been secured by an issue of debentures as a collateral security is appended.
Example:
X Company has issued 9%, 10,000 debentures of Rs. 100 each for a loan of Rs. 10, 00,000 taken from a bank. This fact may be shown in the balance sheet as under:
Solution:
Second Method
The issue of debentures as a collateral security may be recorded by means of journal entry as follows:
Company Accounts and Analysis of Financial Statements Journal Entries:-
i. Issue of 10,000, 9% debentures of Rs 100 each as collateral security for bank loan of Rs 10,00,000.
Debenture Suspense A/c Dr. 10,00,000
To 9% Debentures A/c 10,00,000
ii.For cancellation of 9% debentures as collateral security for repayment of bank loan. Debenture Suspense account will appear as a deduction from the debentures on the liability side of the balance sheet. When loan is repaid the above entry will be cancelled by a reverse entry :
9% Debentures A/c Dr. 10,00,000
To Debenture Suspense A/c 10,00,000
Solution:
Issue of Redeemable Debentures
The debentures, which are issued with a maturity date are known as redeemable debentures. The repayment of the principal amount of debentures to the debenture holder is made on the maturity of the debentures. The redeemable debentures may be issued under different conditions for which the following journal entries are passed. Account treatment of issue of debenture of issue of redeemable debentures under different condition
Redemption of Debentures
Redeemable debentures are issued with a maturity period. After the maturity of the period, the principal amount of the debenture is repaid to the debenture holders. The repayment is made as per the terms laid in the prospectus at the time of issue of debentures. The methods of redemption of debentures are as follow:
Modes of Redemption of Debentures
- Redemption in instalments
- Redemption of a fixed sum of debentures
- Redemption by a purchase of debentures in the open market.
- Redemption by conversion
- Redemption in lump sum after the expiry of maturity period
- Creating a sinking fund or debenture redemption reserve account
- Taking an insurance policy
Redemption of debentures on Lump-Sum Basis
Under this method, all the principal amount of debenture is repaid at once on a lump-sum basis. The company may redeem the debentures after the maturity period is over or even before the expiry of the specified period of time by serving a notice to the debenture holders. The accounting treatment made for such redemption of debentures is shown as under.
1. X Ltd. issued 5,000, 9% debentures of Rs 100 each at par and redeemable at par at the end of 5 years out of capital.
2. X Ltd. issued 1,000, 12% debentures of Rs 100 each at par. These debentures are redeemable at 10% premium at the end of 4 years
3. X Ltd. issued 12% debentures of the total face value of Rs 1,00,000 at premium of 5% to be redeemed at par at the end of 4 years
4. X Ltd. issued Rs 1,00,000, 12% debentures at a discount of 5% but redeemable at a premium of 5% at the end of 5 years
Redemption of Debentures by annual Drawing/Instalments
When the principal amount of debentures is repaid by the annual drawing of debentures in equal instalments over the maturity period, such a process is called redemption of debentures by annual drawing. The company may redeem the principal annually on equal installment.
Purchase of One’s Own Debentures from Open Market
Under this method, the company purchases its own debentures from the open market. The buying of debentures is generally made prior to the expiry of such debenture. The buying of debentures is also called the redemption of debentures. The debentures purchased from the open market can be cancelled immediately after the purchase. The company may also retain such debentures for some time as an investment and cancel them later.
Example:
X Ltd. purchased its own debentures of Rs. 100 each of the face value of Rs. 20,000 from the open market for cancellation at Rs. 92. Record necessary journal entries.
Solution:
Conversion of Debentures
Convertible debentures are redeemed by converting them into new debentures or into shares. Holders of convertible debentures enjoy the option of having their debentures converted either into shares of new debentures according to the term and condition of the issue. The new debentures or shares can be issued either at par or at a premium or at a discount. The accounting treatment for conversion is given below:
Example:
Arjun Plastics Limited redeemed 1,000, 15% debentures of Rs. 100 each by converting them into equity shares of Rs. 10 each at a premium of Rs. 2.50 per share. The company also redeemed 500 debentures by utilizing Rs. 50,000 out of profit. Give the necessary journal entries.
Solution:
WRITING OFF DISCOUNT OF ISSUE OD DEBENTURES
Discount on issue of debentures is a capital loss. A separate account entitled loss on issue of debentures account may also be opened to show discount on issue and provision set aside for premium payable on redemption. The loss is written off as per the decision of the Board of Directors. The discount on issue of debentures is shown on the balance sheet of redeemable debentures.
- Annual instalment basis
- Outstanding debentures amount basis
1. Annual instalment basis (When the Total Amount of Debentures is Redeemable at the End of the Maturity Period
The total principal amount of debenture may be redeemed at the end of the maturity period in a single installment. Each year an equal amount of discount is written off under this method. The amount of annual discount to be written off is determined by using the following formula:
The accounting treatment for writing off discount in issue if debentures are as follows:
Profit and loss A/c Dr xxx
To Discount on issue of debentures a/c xxx
(Being a portion of loss on issue of debentures `is written)
2. Debentures Outstanding Amount Basis (Ratio)
When the debentures are redeemable by annual drawings, the loss/discount on issue of such redeemable debentures are written off on the basis of the debentures outstanding ratio.
Example:
Atlantic Co.Ltd. issued 2,000, 10% debentures of Rs. 100 each at Rs. 90 per debenture. Those debentures were redeemed at 10% premium on an equal amount of annual drawing basis over the period of 4 years.
Solution:
.
References:
Koirala, Madhav et.al., Principles of Accounting -XII, Buddha Prakashan, Kathmandu
Shrestha, Dasharatha et.al., Accountancy -XII, M.K. Prakashan, Kathmandu
Bajracharya, Puskar, Principle of Accounting-XII, Asia Publication Pvt. Ltd., Kathmandu
Lesson
Debentures
Subject
Principles of Accounting
Grade
Grade 12
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