Communication Information
Information is the fact provided about someone or something. It refers to the verifiable and reliable factual data about the world. It is any written document, material or information related to the functions and decision of public importance made by the public agencies. There are several processes of the information and they are : -Defining information need -Locating information sources -Selecting Relevant information -Organizing the selected information -Creating and sharing information -Evaluating information and its process
Summary
Information is the fact provided about someone or something. It refers to the verifiable and reliable factual data about the world. It is any written document, material or information related to the functions and decision of public importance made by the public agencies. There are several processes of the information and they are : -Defining information need -Locating information sources -Selecting Relevant information -Organizing the selected information -Creating and sharing information -Evaluating information and its process
Things to Remember
- Information is the fact about someone or something.
- The word inform is derived from the latin word ‘ informare’ which means to give inform and to form an idea.
- Information process is an interactive method of finding out the actual information form.
- Information sources may be observations, people, speeches, documents, pictures, organizations, websites, etc.
- The creation and sharing of new knowledge are essential to the survival of almost all businesses.
- Evaluating information encourages you to think critically about the reliability, validity, accuracy, authority, timeliness, point of information.
- The information cycle is a way in which groups can measure the effectiveness of interaction and messaging.
MCQs
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Subjective Questions
Q1:
Define epilesy.
Type: Short Difficulty: Easy
<p>A single seizure is not considered epilepsy. Epilepsy is not a mental illness, and not contagious. The problem is an electrical disturbance in the nerve cells that produce abnormal recurrent uncontrolled electrical activity. Between seizures, a person with epilepsy is no different from anyone else.</p>
Q2:
Write the classification of epiepsy ?
Type: Short Difficulty: Easy
<ul>
<li>Unknown cause (mostly genetic or presumed genetic origin)</li>
<li>Pure epilepsies due to single gene disorders</li>
<li>Pure epilepsies with complex inheritance</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<ul>
<li>Symptomatic (associated with gross anatomic or pathologic abnormalities)
<ol>
<li>Mostly genetic or developmental causation</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>Childhood epilepsy syndromes</li>
<li>Progressive myoclonic epilepsies</li>
<li>Neurocutaneous syndromes</li>
<li>Other neurologic single gene disorders</li>
<li>Disorders of chromosome function</li>
<li>Developmental anomalies of cerebral structure</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<ol>
<li>Mostly acquired causes</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>Hippocampal sclerosis</li>
<li>Perinatal and infantile causes</li>
<li>Cerebral trauma, tumor or infection</li>
<li>Cerebrovascular disorders</li>
<li>Cerebral immunologic disorders</li>
<li>Degenerative and other neurologic conditions</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
Q3:
Explain the treatment and nursing management of epilepsy ?
Type: Long Difficulty: Easy
<ul>
<li>Most children who develop epilepsy are treated conventionally with anticonvulsants. In about 70% of cases of childhood epilepsy, medication can completely control seizures.</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<ul>
<li>Medicating a child is not always easy. Many pills are made only to be swallowed, which can be difficult for a child. For some medications, chewable versions do exist.</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<ul>
<li>The ketogenic diet is used to treat children who have not responded successfully to other treatments. This diet is low in carbohydrates, adequate in protein and high in fat. It has proven successful in two-thirds of epilepsy cases.</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<ul>
<li>In some cases, severe epilepsy is treated with the hemispherectomy, a drastic surgical procedure in which part or all of one of the hemispheres of the brain is removed.</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<ul>
<li>Drug therapy:
<ol>
<li>Carbamazepine (Tegretol)</li>
<li>Phenytoin (adulation)</li>
<li>Phenobarbitol (luminal)</li>
<li>Sodium valvoporate</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<p>Nursing management</p>
<ul>
<li>Ensure safety during seizures</li>
<li>Removal of hard objects, sharp things or toys from child's surrounding</li>
<li>Place child on floor or bed with supportive pillow</li>
<li>Side rails on bed or padded cribs should be done</li>
<li>Close monitoring of child's condition</li>
<li>Frequently monitor vital signs</li>
<li>Administer prescribed medications</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<ul>
<li>Maintain patent airway</li>
<li>Turning head to one side</li>
<li>Remove mouth secretion by suctioning</li>
<li>Oxygen therapy should be given if required</li>
<li>Keep ready the emergency equipment to manage cardiorespiratory problems</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<ul>
<li>Maintain cardio-respiratory function</li>
<li>Loose the tight clothing</li>
<li>Avoid restraining child</li>
<li>Place child in side-lying position after seizure</li>
<li>Record seizure event (onset, duration, and frequency)</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<ul>
<li>Provide care during postictal phase</li>
<li>Watch the signs of confusion</li>
<li>Check for breathing, position of head, tongue</li>
<li>Allow to sleep</li>
<li>Remain someone with child</li>
<li>Don't give fluid or food until swallowing reflex returned</li>
<li>Check for any injuries</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<ul>
<li>Promote socialization</li>
<li>Provide normal environment</li>
<li>School should be informed about child's condition</li>
<li>An identity card should be given to child</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<ul>
<li>Strengthening self-esteem</li>
<li>Promote independence in self-care</li>
<li>Provide family counseling</li>
<li>Encourage normal activities like other children</li>
<li>Praise the child</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<ul>
<li>Provide health teaching about</li>
<li>Child's condition</li>
<li>Instruct about diet, rest and activities</li>
<li>Need of medication for prolonged time</li>
<li>Common side effects</li>
<li>Safety precautions</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<ul>
<li>Provide support and reassurance</li>
<li>Provide reassurance to parent and child</li>
<li>Encourage parent and child to discuss feeling about disease condition</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
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Communication Information
Concept of Information
The facts provided about someone or something is known as information. It is a facts or details about a subject. Information is a message that was sent from the sender to the receiver. It is capable of understanding the message. It is generally referred to as data when information is entered into and stored in a computer. After processing, output data can again be perceived as information. The word inform is derived from the latin word ‘ informare’ which means to give inform and to form an idea. Information has influenced almost every aspect of life. Information was simply a message, sent from the source of the receiver before there were the mass media. When the mass media was born , information was something important, interesting and meaningful. It is useful content sent from one source to large masses.
Nowadays, information is the most significant wealth of the commodity. Information is the indication of the power too. Information is a symbolic means by which one mind influences another mind. The country which is rich in information can be considered as the powerful country. Information is the means of giving form or shape to the mind. Some of the definitions of information are listed below:
“ Information by nature cannot rise to exchange transactions, only to share transactions”.- Colin Cherry
“ Information is any written document, material or information related to the functions, proceedings thereof or decisions of public importance made or to be made by the public agencies.”-Right to Information Act, Art 2(b)
Information Process
Information process is an interactive method of finding out the actual information . It is a cyclical but non-linear process. Language and communication skills of reading, writing, speaking and listening are also essential to this process. The information process includes six main stages. These stages are linked closely to each step impacting on every other stage. The six stages are;
1. Defining information needs
It is not always a simple task to define the information need since it may be hard to define the topic. It is an exact question since the information retrieval systems and forms of publication are varied. This is why an information seeker has to be able to handle a certain degree of uncertainty. It helps to find the different methods for seeking information.
2. Locating information sources
The sources of information may be various types of internal and the external sources . It may be observations, people, speeches, documents, pictures, organizations, websites, etc. They may be primary sources, secondary sources, tertiary sources and so on.
3. Selecting Relevant information
Selecting relevant information is to make decisions about the relevance of information. The information must be selected depending on the question and the purpose for reading. It refers to critically analyzing information and reflecting on the purpose of a task. Understanding the purpose of reading dictates the relevance of the information.(National career of literacy and Numeracy for adults)
4. Organizing the selected information
After, selecting the relevant information it is necessary to organize them. Organize means to put in order. The selected information may be useless if they are not organized and cannot be retrieved when needed. So organization of the information is very important.
5. Creating and Sharing information
Nowadays, the creation and sharing of new knowledge are essential to the survival of almost all businesses. There are many reasons. It includes ideas, processes, information which are taking a growing share of global trade from the traditional.
6. Evaluating information and its process
After, selecting and sharing information. It is necessary to evaluate the information. Evaluating information encourages you to think critically about the reliability, validity, accuracy, authority, timeliness, point of information. While using the process of information students can achieve outcomes across all learning areas.
When the students conduct an investigation or do a research assignment students are able to develop these stages of information process each time. While using this process students can achieve outcomes across all learnings areas.
Information Lifecycle of communication
The information cycle is a way in which groups can measure the effectiveness of interaction and messaging. The best cycles are those that tap into the most effective engagement resources and promote rapid and in-depth visibility of correspondence. The speed with which documents and ideas pass through the entire communication cycle measures the effectiveness of these systems.
They information cycle includes:
1. Acquiring information
The first step of the information life-cycle is to find out information from some source. In Journalism, journalist usually goes to search the information. They have to contact their sources, visit the place of incidents, read various documents, interview many people like eyewitness, experts, victims, stakeholders etc. The collected information is in crude form.
2. Processing information
In the second step of information cycle, information is processed. Here information is purified by removing all non- information aspects. In journalism, a journalist collects information in a very crude form. That is purified in reporting and sub-editing divisions.
3. Storing information
In the third step, the purified information is kept in a particular place. Today such storage is done usually in computers. The informative documents were kept in different files and boxes in the past. Some information are very important and are kept for a long time and some are stored for short term purposes. Long term information is kept in CDs, DVDs or Hard Disks of the computer.
4. Disseminating information
In this step, information is distributed to various target groups. Different information has different target groups. In journalism, journalist strives to make information reach to the target group on time. The information that is not disseminated in time will be meaningless. It cannot function properly.
5. Using information
The final step of the information life-cycle is to use or consume it. We know that information is consumed as a product like biscuit. The consumers of information are readers of print media, audiences of broadcast media and users of internet media .. After using or consuming information, readers/audiences generate feedback. This feedback will further improve the journalist to acquire information again. (Binaya Devkota)
References:
Binaya Devkota, and Leelawati Khadka. Acharya, Copyright B.B. Mass Communication, and Journalism. Kathmandu, Nepal: Pradhan Book House, 2011(Revised). 31, 36, 37. Electronic. 19 07 2016.
National career of literacy and Numeracy for adults. copyright 2016. Electronic. 19 07 2016 http://www.literacyandnumeracyforadults.com/resources/355755
Lesson
Introduction to Mass Communication
Subject
Mass Communication
Grade
Grade 11
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