9`s and 10`s complements decimal subtraction
In computer system, subtract, add, divide and multiple is not done as arithmetic way. It is performed by the technique that is called Complement. 1`s complement and 2`s complement 9`s complement and 10`s complement
Summary
In computer system, subtract, add, divide and multiple is not done as arithmetic way. It is performed by the technique that is called Complement. 1`s complement and 2`s complement 9`s complement and 10`s complement
Things to Remember
- In a computer system, subtract, add, divide and multiple are not done as an arithmetic way it is performed by the technique that is called Complement.
- 1`s complement is a binary number i.e obtained by subtracting each bit by 1.We can get 1`s complement by simply replacing 1 by 0 and 0 by 1.
- 2`s complement is also of a binary number i.e, obtained adding binary 1 to the 1`s complement of the number.
- 9`s complement is of decimal number i.e, obtained by subtracting each digit of the number from 9.
- 10`s complement is also of decimal number i.e, can be obtained by adding 1 to the least significant digit of 9`s complement of that number.
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Subjective Questions
Q1:
Write short notes on Clopidogrel.
Type: Short Difficulty: Easy
<p>It is an antiplatelet agent which reduces a rate of atherothrombotic events and inpatient with recent MI or stroke reduce the rate of atherothrombotic events in patients with unstable angina.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Mechanism of action</strong></p>
<p>It blocks the ADP receptor, which prevents fibrinogen binding at the site and thereby reduce the possibility of platelets adhesion and aggregation.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Indication</strong></p>
<p>_ Myocardial infarction</p>
<p>_ Stroke</p>
<p>_ Vascular death</p>
<p>_ Unstable angina</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Preparation</strong></p>
<p>It is usually available in the form of tablet such as :</p>
<p>Clopidogrel tablet of 75 mg.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Dose</strong></p>
<p>Adult : recent MI, stroke or established arterial disease: 75mg od.</p>
<p><strong>Adverse effect</strong></p>
<p>CNS : painful extremities, fatigue, headache, dizziness, depression</p>
<p>GIT : nausea, vomiting, GI upset, abdominal pain, constipation.</p>
<p>CVS : hypertension, chest pain, oedema</p>
<p>Liver : abnormal liver function test</p>
<p>Bleeding : bleeding purpura</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Drug interaction</strong></p>
<p>_ Concomitantly used of antiplatelets, NSAIDs anticoagulant, thrombolytics with clopidogrel may increase the risk of bleeding.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Contraindications</strong></p>
<p>Hypersensitivity, coagulation disorder, active pathological bleeding.</p>
<p> </p>
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Clopidogrel
9`s and 10`s complements decimal subtraction
COMPLEMENT
In a computer system, subtraction is not performed directly as arithmetic subtraction. It is performed by the technique called complement. It is the process of repeated addition.
- There are two types of complement: r`s complement and (r-1)`s complement.
Where 'r' is the base of a number system.
In binary number system, there are two types of complement: 1`s complement and 2`s complement.
Similarly, decimal number system has 9`s and 10`s complement.
-
1`s Complement
1`s complement of a binary number is obtained by subtracting each bit by 1. We can get 1`s complement by simply replacing 1 by 0 and 0 by 1.
Example: 1`s complement of 1011 = 0100
Subtraction of binary numbers using 1`s complement
Steps are here as below:
- Make the both numbers having the same number of bits.
- Determine the 1`s complement of the number to be subtracted(subtrahend).
- Add the 1`s complement to the given number from which we subtract (minuend).
- If there exists` any additional bit (carry) in the result after addition, remove and add it to the result else (i.e. if there exists` no any carry)
- Determine the 1`s complement of the result and prefix by a negative sign to get the final result.
Example: Subtract 1110000 from 1100000
-
2`s complement
The 2`s complement of a binary number is obtained by adding binary 1 to the 1`s complement of the number.
Subtraction using 2`s complement:
Steps are here as below:
- Make the both numbers having the same number of bits.
- Determine the 2`s complement of the number to be subtracted (subtrahend).
- Add the 2`s complement to the given number from which we subtract (minuend).
- If there exits no carry determine the 2`s complement of the result and prefix by a negative sign to get a final result.
Example:Subtract 1110000 from 1100000
-
9`s Complement and 10`s Complement
The 9`s complement of decimal number can be obtained by subtracting each digit of the number from 9.
For example, the 9`s complement of 3 is 6 (9-3=6), and 234 is 765 (999-234 =765).
The 10`s complement of decimal number can be obtained by adding 1 to the least significant digit of 9`s complement of that number. For example, 10`s complement of 3 is 7 (9-3=6+1=7), and 123 is 877.
Subtraction of decimal number using 9`s complement
Here are the steps are given below:
- Make the both numbers having the same number of digits.
- Determine the 9`s complement of the number from which we subtracted (subtrahend).
- Add the 9`s complement to the given number from which we subtract (minuend).
- If there exists` any additional digit (carry) in the result after addition, remove it and add it to the complement of the result and prefix by a negative sign to get the final result.
E.g. Subtract (123)10 From (345)10
9`s complement of 123= (999 -123) =876
Adding the 9`s complement with 345, i.e 345 + 876 = 1221
In the result, most significant digit 1 is the carryover. So add this carry over to remaining digits 221
i.e, 221 + 1 = 222
Hence, (222)10 is the required result after subtracting (123)10 from (345)10.
Subtraction using 10`s complement:
Here are the steps are given below:
- Make the both numbers having same numbers of digits.
- Determine the 10`s complement of the number to be subtracted (subtrahend).
- Add the 10`s complement to the given number from which we subtract (minuend).
- If there exists`s any additional digit (carry) in the result after addition, remove it from the result and the remaining digits form the final result.
- If there exists` no any carry then determine the 10`s complement of the result and prefix by the negative sign to get the final result.
Example: Subtract (123)10 from (345)10
10`s Complement of 123 = (999 - 123) = 876 + 1 = 877
Adding the 10`s complement with 345, i.e. 345 + 877 = 1222
In this result, most significant digit 1 is the carry over.So remove it to find the result.
Therefore, (222)10 is the required result.
Binary Mathematics
1. Binary Addition
| Rule for binary addition0+0=01+0=10+1=11+1=10 (0 with carry over 1) | Example: Binary addition101101+101111000100 sum |
2. Binary Subtraction
| Rule for binary subtraction 1-1=01-0=10-1=1 (with borrowing 1)0-0=0 | Example: Binary addition101101 minuend-10111 subtrahend10110 difference |
3. Binary Multiplication
| Rule for binary multiplication1*1=11*0=00*1=00*0=0 | Example: Binary multiplication1011 multiplicand *1011 multiplier10111011*0000** +1011***1111001 product |
4. Binary Division
| Rule for binary division1/1=11/0=not defined0/1=00/0=not defined | Example: Binary DivisionDivide 101011 by 110110) 101011 (111 quotient -1101001 -110111 -1101 remainder |
Some Basic Terms Related with Number System
- MSB (Most Significant Bit)
The left most bit of a number is called MSB.
Example :
1010 = MBS
- LSB (Leas Significant Bit)
The right most bit of a number is called LSB.
Example:
1010 = LSB
BIT: Single binary number either 0 or 1
Nibble: Combination of 4 binary bits e.g. 1001
Byte: Combination of 8 binary bits e.g. 1001 0111
(Shrestha, Manandhar, and Roshan)
Bibliography
Shrestha, Prachanda Ram, et al. Computer Essentials. Kathmandu: Asmita's Publication, 2014.
Gurung,Judha Bahadur et.al.,Computer Science-XI,Bhundipuran Prakashan,Ktm
Lesson
Number System and Their Conversion
Subject
Computer Science
Grade
Grade 11
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