Concept of system bus

A bus is a collection of wires, chips and slots inside the computer through which data are transmitted from one part of a computer to another from peripheral devices. This note contains the different types of bus and the function of buses in a computer system.

Summary

Things to Remember

Types of busses:

Address bus
Control bus
Data bus

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Subjective Questions

Q1:

What do you mean by record management? And mention the importance of management.

Type: Short Difficulty: Easy

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Q2:

Explain importance of records management.

Type: Short Difficulty: Easy

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Q3:

Explain the types of record management.

Type: Long Difficulty: Easy

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Answer: Records can be collected from two sources i.e. internal and external sources.The records can be classified into the following types: 
On the basis of Nature On the basis of nature of document, the records can be classified as below:
<ul>
<li>Correspondence record:</li>
</ul>
Correspondence record includes letters, circular, notice, memo, inquiries, order etc which are either sent by the organization or received by itIt is the written matter of office.
<ul>
<li>Personnel record:</li>
</ul>
The records which are related to the personnel or employees of the organization are known as personnel records. Personal history, admission, salary, grade, promotion, retirement and other relevant information of the employees are kept.
<ul>
<li>Accounting record:</li>
</ul>
The records which are related to financial aspects of the organization is called accounting records. Invoices, cash memos of different departments and units are included under it.
<ul>
<li>Legal records:</li>
</ul>
The records which are kept to meet the legal formalities as per the government rules and regulation are called legal records. A copy of a contract, mortgage deed, business commencement letter, income tax, sales tax is included it.
<ul>
<li>Miscellaneous records:</li>
</ul>
The records which are not by the above type of records are included in the miscellaneous records. Record of social activities, advertisement campaign, new product feasibility report is included under it.
On the basis of Retention
On the basis of records, record may be classified as follow:
<ol>
<li>Permanent records: The records which are preserved over a long period of time are called permanent records. the following documents fall under permanent records: Memorandum of association Articles of association Registration certificate Permanent Account Number certificate Documents of properties </li>
<li>Most important  records  The records which can be destroyed after 20 years of the  job competition are called the most important records. </li>
<li>Important records The records which can be destroyed after 10 years of the job competition are called important records. The following documents fal under important records: Annual report document related to employee's vacancy contract etc. </li>
<li>Most useful records The records which can be destroyed after 5 years of the job competition are called most useful records. The following documents fall under most useful records: Circulars and copy of letters sent for general information. </li>
<li>Useful records The records which destroyed after 3 years of the competition is called useful records. The following documents fall under useful records: Documents relating to contracts and donations. Ordinary letters, inter-office letters, banking statements, etc. </li>
<li>Less useful records: The records which can be destroyed after 1 year of the job competition is called less useful records.</li>
</ol>

Q4:

What are principles of record management?

Type: Short Difficulty: Easy

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Q5:

What do you mean by record management? Explain the principles and importance of record management.

Type: Long Difficulty: Easy

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Answer: Record management is the combination of record and management. It is an art of handling and maintaining office records. The record is written matter which is prescribed for future reference and management is related to the way or the technique which are used to manage the different types of records. Therefore, record management is the management and control of records. Letters, invoices, cheques, vouchers, price lists, personnel records, tax records, costing records are the examples of records. It also helps to remove unnecessary files and preserves all important files and documents safely.
According to Little Field, "Record management broadly defined,includes forms, reproduction of written materials, filing records, retention, microfilms and related services."
According to J.C. Denyer, "Modern record management involves much more than the methods of the filing or the system of classification , important though these are: indexing, central filing, records retention, follow-up and micro photography, all these receive attention in the present day office."
In conclusion, record management is the systematic process of collecting, utilizing, preserving and disposing of the record of the office.
The following are the basic principles of record management:
<ul>
<li>Principle of purpose Records should be maintained with justifiable and clear purpose. Principles of record help to kept a record for future reference and decision making so that it should be maintained with a justifiable and clear purpose. Hence, records management must be based on managing the records having certain objectives.  </li>
<li>Principles of verification: There must be evidence of all the documents which are preserved in an office. The maintenance of records without any evidential proof will be worthless because they cannot fulfill the legal requirement. </li>
<li>Principles of retention: The main objective of record management is to preserve the required document for future reference. Therefore, all the records should be maintained. </li>
<li>Principles of flexibility: Record management should be flexible. The flexibility of principle states that an accounting information system should be able to adapt to changes in the company based on its needs, operations, and management. </li>
<li>Principles of cost: The accounting principle that goods and services purchased should be recorded at their historical costs and not at their current market value. So, only needy records are records for future reference.</li>
</ul>
 
The importance of records management are described below: 
<ul>
<li> Source of decision-making:  Decision making is a very important function of management. It is important tools for decision making. It provides the fact and reliable information which helps for effective decision making. </li>
<li>Helpful to make progress report: Record management helps to make a progress report of an organization. It helps to record by writing and preserving various papers, letters, and documents, memorandum of different types of records. </li>
<li>Helps in planning: Planning is one of the most important project management and time management techniques. Plans and policies of business should be prepared by the organization. A good management system provides the  information which helps for preparing plans and policies. </li>
<li>Helps to detect errors: Record management helps to eliminate errors and maintain internal control system. So, record management helps to increase the efficiency of an organization. </li>
<li>Helps to evaluate performance: It helps to evaluate the performance of an organization. It provides the financial, human resources, and other information which helps to compare the actual performance with the standard performance of an organization.</li>
</ul>

Q6:

What do you mean by record management? Explain different types of records.

Type: Long Difficulty: Easy

Show/Hide Answer

Answer: Record management is the combination of record and management. It is an art of handling and maintaining office records. The record is written matter which is prescribed for future reference and management is related to the way or the technique which are used to manage the different types of records. Therefore, record management is the management and control of records. Letters, invoices, cheques, vouchers, price lists, personnel records, tax records, costing records are the examples of records. It also helps to remove unnecessary files and preserves all important files and documents safely.
According to Little Field, "Record management broadly defined,includes forms, reproduction of written materials, filing records, retention, microfilms and related services."
According to J.C. Denyer, "Modern record management involves much more than the methods of the filing or the system of classification , important though these are: indexing, central filing, records retention, follow-up and micro photography, all these receive attention in the present day office."
In conclusion, record management is the systematic process of collecting, utilizing, preserving and disposing of the record of the office.
Records can be collected from two sources i.e. internal and external sources.The records can be classified into the following types: 
On the basis of Nature On the basis of nature of document, the records can be classified as below:
<ul>
<li>Correspondence record:</li>
</ul>
Correspondence record includes letters, circular, notice, memo, inquiries, order etc which are either sent by the organization or received by itIt is the written matter of office.
<ul>
<li>Personnel record:</li>
</ul>
The records which are related to the personnel or employees of the organization are known as personnel records. Personal history, admission, salary, grade, promotion, retirement and other relevant information of the employees are kept.
<ul>
<li>Accounting record:</li>
</ul>
The records which are related to financial aspects of the organization is called accounting records. Invoices, cash memos of different departments and units are included under it.
<ul>
<li>Legal records:</li>
</ul>
The records which are kept to meet the legal formalities as per the government rules and regulation are called legal records. A copy of a contract, mortgage deed, business commencement letter, income tax, sales tax is included it.
<ul>
<li>Miscellaneous records:</li>
</ul>
The records which are not by the above type of records are included in the miscellaneous records. Record of social activities, advertisement campaign, new product feasibility report is included under it.
On the basis of Retention
On the basis of records, record may be classified as follow:
<ol>
<li>Permanent records: The records which are preserved over a long period of time are called permanent records. the following documents fall under permanent records: Memorandum of association Articles of association Registration certificate Permanent Account Number certificate Documents of properties </li>
<li>Most important  records  The records which can be destroyed after 20 years of the  job competition are called the most important records. </li>
<li>Important records The records which can be destroyed after 10 years of the job competition are called important records. The following documents fal under important records: Annual report document related to employee's vacancy contract etc. </li>
<li>Most useful records The records which can be destroyed after 5 years of the job competition are called most useful records. The following documents fall under most useful records: Circulars and copy of letters sent for general information. </li>
<li>Useful records The records which destroyed after 3 years of the competition is called useful records. The following documents fall under useful records: Documents relating to contracts and donations. Ordinary letters, inter-office letters, banking statements, etc. </li>
<li>Less useful records: The records which can be destroyed after 1 year of the job competition is called less useful records.</li>
</ol>

Q7:

What do you mean by retention and disposal of records and importance of it?

Type: Short Difficulty: Easy

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Concept of system bus

Bus Architecture:

A bus is a collection of wires, chips and slots inside the computer through which data are transmitted from one part of the computer to another from peripheral devices. It is also called a pathway in the computer on which data travels. It is a set of parallel distinct wires, serving different purposes, which allow devices attached to it to communicate with the CPU.

The bus architecture in computer system is as shown below:

Figure: Bus Architecture

_{^{Source: www.cise.ufl.edu}}

The function of BUS are:

It carries information from one component to another.
It carries data, address or control signal.
One component of the computer can interact with other through a bus.

There are three main part of bus. They are described below:

Control Bus:

It carries the control signal. The control signal is used for controlling and coordinating the various activities of the computer. It is generated from the control unit of the CPU. Different architectures result in a different number of lines within the control bus, as each line is used to perform a specific task.

For instance, different specific lines are used for each of read, write and reset requests. These are not a group of lines like address bus and data bus, but individual lines that provide a pulse to indicate a microprocessor operation. The control unit generates a specific control signal for every operation, such as memory read or input/output operation. This signal is also used to identify a device type, with which the microprocessor intends to communicate.

Fig: Control Bus

_{^{Source: www.enterpriseintegrationpatterns.com}}

Address Bus:

Address bus carries memory address within the device. It allows the CPU to reference memory locations within the device. It connects the CPU and other peripherals and carries only memory address. In a computer system, each peripheral or memory location is identified by a numerical value, called an address and the address bus is used to carry this numerical value as well as it also contains a few control lines to carry control commands. The address bus is unidirectional, bits flow in one direction from the processor to peripherals.

The processor uses the address bus to perform the first function of identifying a peripheral or a memory location. The address bus contains the connections between the processor and memory that carry the signals relating to the address which the CPU is processing at that time, such as the locations that the CPU is reading from or writing to. The processor uses the address bus to perform, identifying a peripheral or a memory location.

When the address bus carries 8 bit at a time, the CPU could address only 256 (i.e. 2⁸) bytes of RAM. Most of the early PCs had 20 bit address buses. So, CPU could address 2²⁰bytes of data. Now, with 32-bit address buses, CPU can address 4GB of RAM. If there is wider bus path, more information can be processed at a time and hence, it also affects the processing speed of a computer.

Fig: Address Bus

_{^{Source: www.quora.com}}

Data Bus:

Data bus transfer data from one location to another across the computer. On these lines, the meaningful data which is to be retrieved from a device is placed. Data bus is used by CPU to transfer data. It may be 16-bit or 32-bit data bus. It is an electrical path that connects the CPU, memory and other hardware devices on the motherboard. These lines are bidirectional in which the data flows in both directions between the processor and memory and peripheral devices. The number of wires in the bus affects the speed at which data can be travel between hardware components just as the number of lanes on a highway affects the time it takes people to reach their destination. Each wire can transfer 1 bit of data at a time and 8 wire bus can move 8 bit at a time, which is 1-byte data at a time. A 16-bit bus can transfer 2 bytes. 32 bits can transfer 4 bytes and so on. Intel 80286 microprocessor used16 bit data bus and Intel 80386 used 32-bit data bus. When the data bus width grows larger, more data can be transferred.

The transmission of the data on bus lines takes place between approximately 1M baud for the microcomputer to about 1000 M baud or more for the large more expensive computers (1 baud = 1 bit/sec). Communication between the different units of a processing system is carried out along address and data bus and also along various control lines. All control operations are governed by the master timing source and clock.

Fig: Data Bus

^{_{Source: electronicstechnician.tpub.com}}

(Shrestha & Manandhar, 2014)

Bibliography

Shrestha, R. P., & Manandhar, s. (2014). Computer Essential. Kathmandu: Ashmita publication.

Lesson

Computer System

Subject

Computer Science

Grade

Grade 11

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