Arterial system and venous system of frog.

Arterial system is the system of arteries which supply the oxygenated blood to the different parts of the body. This note provides information about the arterial system and venous system of frog.

Summary

Arterial system is the system of arteries which supply the oxygenated blood to the different parts of the body. This note provides information about the arterial system and venous system of frog.

Things to Remember

  • Internal carotid has a swelling at its origin point called carotid labyrinth.
  • Systemic arch is the largest of all three arch
  • Sub- clavian artery supply blood to the shoulder and arm of the forelimbs
  • Gonadial artery supplies blood to the  testes and ovary.
  • The cutaneous artery carries the deoxygenated blood to the skin.
  • The pulmonary artery carries the deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
  • Internal jugular collects the blood from the brain, eye, and skull.
  • Renal veins collect blood from kidneys.
  • Portal venous system is known as double capillaries system.
  • The hepatic system collects blood from all parts of the intestine.

MCQs

No MCQs found.

Subjective Questions

Q1:

If CP= Rs. 1,000 and SP = Rs. 1,200, find the profit percentage.


Type: Short Difficulty: Easy

Show/Hide Answer
Answer: <p>Solution:</p> <p>Cost Price (CP) = Rs. 1,000</p> <p>Selling Price (SP) = Rs. 1,200</p> <p>Here SP &gt; CP</p> <p>&there4; Profit = SP - CP</p> <p>= Rs. 1,200 - Rs. 1,000</p> <p>= Rs. 200</p> <p>Now,</p> <p>Profit percentage = (\(\frac{Profit}{C.P.}\) * 100)%</p> <p>= (\(\frac{200}{1000}\) * 100)%</p> <p>= 20%</p> <p>&there4; Profit percentage = 20%</p>

Q2:

If CP= Rs. 2,000 and SP = Rs. 1,500, find the loss percentage.


Type: Short Difficulty: Easy

Show/Hide Answer
Answer: <p>Solution:</p> <p>Cost Price (CP) = Rs. 2,000</p> <p>Selling Price (SP) = Rs. 1,500</p> <p>Here CP &gt; SP</p> <p>&there4; Loss = CP - SP</p> <p>= Rs. 2,000 - Rs. 1,500</p> <p>= Rs. 500</p> <p>Now,</p> <p>Loss percentage = (\(\frac{Loss{C.P.}\) * 100)%</p> <p>= (\(\frac{500}{2000}\) * 100)%</p> <p>= 20%</p> <p>&there4; Loss percentage = 25%</p>

Q3:

If CP= Rs. 1,000 and SP = Rs. 1,500, find the profit percentage.


Type: Short Difficulty: Easy

Show/Hide Answer
Answer: <p>Solution:</p> <p>Cost Price (CP) = Rs. 1,000</p> <p>Selling Price (SP) = Rs. 1,500</p> <p>Here SP &gt; CP</p> <p>&there4; Profit = SP - CP</p> <p>= Rs. 1,500 - Rs. 1,000</p> <p>= Rs. 500</p> <p>Now,</p> <p>Profit percentage = (\(\frac{Profit}{C.P.}\) * 100)%</p> <p>= (\(\frac{500}{1000}\) * 100)%</p> <p>= 50%</p> <p>&there4; Profit percentage = 50%</p>

Q4:

If CP= Rs. 1,000 and SP = Rs. 800, find the loss percentage.


Type: Short Difficulty: Easy

Show/Hide Answer
Answer: <p>Solution:</p> <p>Cost Price (CP) = Rs. 1,000</p> <p>Selling Price (SP) = Rs. 800</p> <p>Here CP &gt; SP</p> <p>&there4; Loss = SP - CP</p> <p>= Rs. 1,000 - Rs. 800</p> <p>= Rs. 200</p> <p>Now,</p> <p>Loss percentage = (\(\frac{Loss}{C.P.}\) * 100)%</p> <p>= (\(\frac{200}{1000}\) * 100)%</p> <p>= 20%</p> <p>&there4; Profit percentage = 20%</p>

Q5:

Ram bought a book for Rs 400 and sold it for Rs 500. Find whether he made profit or loss and its percentage.


Type: Short Difficulty: Easy

Show/Hide Answer
Answer: <p>Solution:</p> <p>Cost Price (CP) = Rs 400</p> <p>Selling Price (SP) = Rs 500</p> <p>&there4; SP &gt; CP so, Ram made a profit</p> <p>&there4; Profit = SP - CP</p> <p>= Rs 500 - Rs 400</p> <p>= Rs 100</p> <p>Again, Profit percentage = (\(\frac{Profit}{C.P.}\) * 100)%</p> <p>= (\(\frac{100}{400}\) * 100)%</p> <p>= 25%</p> <p>Hence, Ram made a profit percentage of 25%.</p> <p></p> <p></p>

Q6:

Aisha bought a radio at Rs 5000 and sold it with 10% profit. Find the selling price of radio.


Type: Short Difficulty: Easy

Show/Hide Answer
Answer: <p>Solution:</p> <p>Cost price of radio (CP) = Rs 5000</p> <p>Profit percentage (P%) = 10</p> <p>Selling price of radio (SP) = ?</p> <p>Now,</p> <p>SP = \(\frac{100 + P%}{100}\) * CP</p> <p>= \(\frac{100 + 10}{100}\) * 5000</p> <p>= \(\frac{110}{100}\) *5000</p> <p>= Rs 5500</p> <p>Hence, The selling price of radio is Rs 5500.</p>

Q7:

Santoshi bought TV at the rate of Rs 25000. She sold it to Shiya  with 8% profit. What the cost price for Shiya?


Type: Short Difficulty: Easy

Show/Hide Answer
Answer: <p>Solution:</p> <p>Cost price of TV (CP) = Rs 25000</p> <p>Profit percentage (P%) =8</p> <p>Selling price of TV (SP) = ?</p> <p>Now,</p> <p>SP = \(\frac{100 + P%}{100}\) * CP</p> <p>= \(\frac{100 + 8}{100}\) * 25000</p> <p>= \(\frac{108}{100}\) * 25000</p> <p>= Rs 27000</p> <p>Hence, The selling price of TV to Santoshi is Cost price to Shiya. Therefore cost price for Shiya is Rs 27000.</p>

Q8:

Sunita bought Washing Machine at Rs 50000. After 2 years she sold to Maya at Rs 35000. Find profit/loss percentage.


Type: Short Difficulty: Easy

Show/Hide Answer
Answer: <p>Solution:</p> <p>Cost Price of Washing Machine (CP) = Rs 50000</p> <p>Selling Price ofWashing Machine (SP) = Rs 35000</p> <p>Since, CP &gt; SP there is loss</p> <p>Loss = CP - SP</p> <p>= 50000 - 35000</p> <p>= 15000</p> <p>Again,</p> <p>Loss Percentage =(\(\frac{Loss }{C.P.}\) * 100)%</p> <p>=(\(\frac{15000}{50000}\) * 100)%</p> <p>= 30%</p> <p>Hence, She sold it to Maya at 30% loss.</p>

Q9:

Maiya bought a watch at Rs 5000. She sold it at 20% loss. Find the selling price of a watch.


Type: Long Difficulty: Easy

Show/Hide Answer
Answer: <p>Solution:</p> <p>Cost Price of watch (CP) = Rs 5000</p> <p>Loss percentage (L %) = 20</p> <p>Selling price (SP) =?</p> <p><strong>Alternative 1</strong></p> <p>SP = \(\frac{100 -L%}{100}\) * CP</p> <p>=\(\frac{100 -20}{100}\) *5000</p> <p>=\(\frac{80}{100}\) *5000</p> <p>= Rs 4000</p> <p>Hence, the selling price of the watch is Rs 4000.</p> <p><strong>Alternative 2</strong></p> <p>SP = CP - loss% of CP</p> <p>= Rs 5000 - 20% of Rs 5000</p> <p>= Rs 5000 - Rs 1000</p> <p>= Rs 4000</p> <p>Hence, the selling price of watch is Rs 4000.</p> <p><strong>Alternative 3</strong></p> <p>&there4; By the meaning of 20% of loss,</p> <p>&there4; If CP is Rs 100, then SP is Rs 80</p> <p>&there4; If CP is Re 1, then SP is Rs \(\frac{80}{100}\)</p> <p>&there4; If CP is Rs 5000, then SP is Rs\(\frac{80}{100}\) * 5000 = Rs 4000</p> <p>Hence, the selling price of watch is Rs 4000.</p>

Q10:

Maiya bought a watch at Rs 5000. She sold it at 20% loss. Find the selling price of a watch.


Type: Long Difficulty: Easy

Show/Hide Answer
Answer: <p>Solution:</p> <p>Cost Price of watch (CP) = Rs 5000</p> <p>Loss percentage (L %) = 20</p> <p>Selling price (SP) =?</p> <p><strong>Alternative 1</strong></p> <p>SP = \(\frac{100 -L%}{100}\) * CP</p> <p>=\(\frac{100 -20}{100}\) *5000</p> <p>=\(\frac{80}{100}\) *5000</p> <p>= Rs 4000</p> <p>Hence, the selling price of the watch is Rs 4000.</p> <p><strong>Alternative 2</strong></p> <p>SP = CP - loss% of CP</p> <p>= Rs 5000 - 20% of Rs 5000</p> <p>= Rs 5000 - Rs 1000</p> <p>= Rs 4000</p> <p>Hence, the selling price of watch is Rs 4000.</p> <p><strong>Alternative 3</strong></p> <p>&there4; By the meaning of 20% of loss,</p> <p>&there4; If CP is Rs 100, then SP is Rs 80</p> <p>&there4; If CP is Re 1, then SP is Rs \(\frac{80}{100}\)</p> <p>&there4; If CP is Rs 5000, then SP is Rs\(\frac{80}{100}\) * 5000 = Rs 4000</p> <p>Hence, the selling price of watch is Rs 4000.</p>

Q11:

Motor Company sold a second-hand car with 30% profit at Rs 650000. Find the cost price of the car.


Type: Long Difficulty: Easy

Show/Hide Answer
Answer: <p>Solution:</p> <p>Selling price of a car (SP) = Rs 650000</p> <p>Profit percentage (P %) = 30%</p> <p>Cost price (CP) =?</p> <p><strong>Alternative 1</strong></p> <p>&there4; CP = \(\frac{SP * 100}{100 + P%}\)</p> <p>= \(\frac{650000 * 100}{100 + 30}\)</p> <p>= \(\frac{650000 * 100}{130}\)</p> <p>= Rs. 500000</p> <p>Hence, the cost price of a car is Rs 500000.</p> <p><strong>Alternative 2</strong></p> <p>&there4; SP = CP + profit percentage of CP</p> <p>Or, Rs 650000 = CP + 30% of CP</p> <p>Or, Rs 650000 = CP + \(\frac{30}{100}\) * CP</p> <p>Or, Rs 650000 = \(\frac{100CP + 30CP}{100}\)</p> <p>Or, Rs 650000 * 100 = 130CP</p> <p>Or, CP = \(\frac{65000000}{130}\)</p> <p>&there4; CP = Rs 500000</p> <p>Hence, the cost price of a car is Rs 500000.</p> <p><strong>Alternative 3</strong></p> <p>By the meaning of 30 of profit,</p> <p>&there4; If SP is Rs 130, then CP is Rs 100</p> <p>&there4; If SP is Re 1, then CP is \(\frac{100}{130}\)</p> <p>&there4; If SP is Rs 650000, then CP is \(\frac{100}{130}\) * 650000 = Rs 500000</p> <p>Hence, the cost price of a car is Rs 500000.</p>

Q12:

Sabina bought two laptop sets at Rs. 40000 each. She sold one at 15% profit and other at 5% loss, find the profit or loss percentage he made on the whole transaction.


Type: Long Difficulty: Easy

Show/Hide Answer
Answer: <p>Solution:</p> <p>Total CP = Rs 40000 * 2 = Rs 80000</p> <p><strong>Case I</strong></p> <p>CP<sub>1</sub> = Rs 40000</p> <p>Profit Percent = 15%</p> <p>SP<sub>1</sub> =?</p> <p>Now,</p> <p>SP<sub>1</sub> = \(\frac{100 + P%}{100}\) * CP</p> <p>= \(\frac{100 + 15}{100}\) * 40000</p> <p>= \(\frac{115}{100}\) * 40000</p> <p>= Rs 46000</p> <p>Case II</p> <p>CP<sub>2</sub> = Rs 40000</p> <p>Loss percent = 5%</p> <p>SP<sub>2</sub> =?</p> <p>Now,</p> <p>SP<sub>2</sub> = \(\frac{100 - L%}{100}\) * CP</p> <p>= \(\frac{100 - 5}{100}\) * 40000</p> <p>= \(\frac{95}{100}\) * 40000</p> <p>= Rs 38000</p> <p>&there4; Total SP = SP<sub>1</sub> + SP<sub>2</sub></p> <p>= Rs 46000 + Rs 38000</p> <p>= Rs 84000</p> <p>Here, SP&gt;CP, so there is profit in whole transaction.</p> <p>Then,</p> <p>Profit = SP &ndash; CP = Rs 84000 &ndash; Rs 80000 = Rs 4000</p> <p>Now, Profit percentage =( \(\frac{Profit}{C.P.}\) * 100)%</p> <p>= (\(\frac{4000}{80000}\) * 100)%</p> <p>= 5%</p> <p>Hence, he made 5% profit on whole transaction.</p>

Q13:

A shopkeeper purchased 1500 kg of rice at Rs 40 per kg. He paid transportation cost at the rate of Rs 1.5 per kg. If he sold all rice at Rs 70000, find his profit or loss percentage transaction.


Type: Long Difficulty: Easy

Show/Hide Answer
Answer: <p>Solution:</p> <p>Cost of 1 kg rice = Rs 40</p> <p>Cost of 1500kg of rice = Rs 40 * 1500 = Rs 60000</p> <p>Transportation cost of 1 kg of sugar = Rs 1.5</p> <p>Transportation cost of 1500kg of rice = Rs1.5 * 1500 = Rs 2250</p> <p>&there4;Total cost price (CP) = Rs 60000 + Rs 2250 = Rs 62250</p> <p>And total selling Price (SP) = Rs 70000</p> <p>SP &gt; CP, there is profit</p> <p>Profit = SP &ndash; CP</p> <p>= Rs 70000 &ndash; Rs 62250</p> <p>= Rs 7750</p> <p>Now, Profit percentage = (\(\frac{Profit}{C.P.}\) * 100)%</p> <p>= (\(\frac{7750}{62250}\) * 100)%</p> <p>= 12.45%</p> <p>Hence, Shopkeeper made a profit of 12.45% on the whole transaction.</p>

Q14:

Ramesh sold a computer at Rs 20000 at 10% loss. At what price should he sell in order to make profit of 20%


Type: Long Difficulty: Easy

Show/Hide Answer
Answer: <p>Solution:</p> <p>Selling Price (SP) = Rs 20000</p> <p>Loss percent (L%) = 20</p> <p>Cost price (CP) = ?</p> <p>Now,</p> <p>CP = \(\frac{SP * 100}{100 - L%}\)</p> <p>= \(\frac{20000 * 100}{100 - 20}\)</p> <p>= \(\frac{2000000}{80}\)</p> <p>= Rs 25000</p> <p>&there4; The Cost price of computer is Rs 25000</p> <p>Again,</p> <p>To make a profit of 20%,</p> <p>Profit percent (P%) = 20%</p> <p>New SP = \(\frac{100 + 20}{100}\) *25000</p> <p>= \(\frac{120}{100}\) *25000</p> <p>= Rs 30000</p> <p>&there4; He should sell at Rs 30000 to make 20% profit.</p> <p></p>

Q15:

Naresh bought a second-hand car for Rs 8,00,000 and spend Rs 4,50,000 to repair it. Then he sold the car at Rs 15,00,000. Find the percentage of profit or loss he made on the transaction.


Type: Long Difficulty: Easy

Show/Hide Answer
Answer: <p>Solution:</p> <p>Price of second hand car = Rs 8, 00, 000</p> <p>Repair cost = Rs 4, 50, 000</p> <p>Total Cost price (CP) = Rs 8, 00, 000 + Rs 4, 50, 000 = Rs 12, 50, 000</p> <p>Sellin price (SP) = Rs 15, 00, 000</p> <p>&there4; SP &gt; CP, there is profit</p> <p>Profit = SP - CP</p> <p>= Rs 15, 00, 000 - Rs 12, 50, 000</p> <p>= Rs 2, 50, 000</p> <p>Again,</p> <p>Profit percentage =(\(\frac{Profit}{C.P.}\) * 100)%</p> <p>=(\(\frac{2, 50, 000}{12, 50, 000}\) * 100)%</p> <p>= 20%</p> <p>&there4; He made 20% profit on the transaction.</p>

Q16:

Kapil bought 3 dozen eggs at Rs 10/piece. 10 eggs were broken. He sold the remaining eggs at Rs 15 each. Find the profit or loss on the transaction.


Type: Long Difficulty: Easy

Show/Hide Answer
Answer: <p>Solution:</p> <p>1 dozen eggs = 12 piece eggs</p> <p>3 dozen eggs = 12 * 3 = 36 piece eggs</p> <p>Again,</p> <p>Cost price of 1 egg = Rs 10</p> <p>Cost price of 36 eggs = Rs 10 * 36 = Rs360</p> <p>Total CP = Rs 360</p> <p>&there4; 10 eggs were broken so total eggs = 36 - 10 = 26</p> <p>Selling price of 1 egg = Rs 15</p> <p>Selling price of 26 eggs = Rs 15 * 26 = Rs 390</p> <p>Total SP= Rs 390</p> <p>&there4; SP &gt; CP, there is profit</p> <p>Profit = SP - CP</p> <p>= Rs 390 - Rs 360</p> <p>= Rs30</p> <p>Hence, there is profit of Rs 30 on the transaction.</p>

Q17:

Lakpa sold a jacket at Rs 5,000 and made a loss of Rs 1,000. Find the cost price of the jacket.


Type: Short Difficulty: Easy

Show/Hide Answer
Answer: <p>Solution:</p> <p>Selling price (SP) = Rs 5,000</p> <p>Loss = Rs 1,000</p> <p>Cost price (CP) = ?</p> <p>Now,</p> <p>CP = SP +Loss</p> <p>= Rs 5,000 +Rs 1000</p> <p>= Rs 6,000</p>

Q18:

Rama bought 20 dozen of copies at Rs 240 per dozen and sold at Rs 30 each. Find the profit or loss made on the transaction.


Type: Short Difficulty: Easy

Show/Hide Answer
Answer: <p>Solution:</p> <p>1 dozen copies = 12 piece of copies</p> <p>20 dozen copies = 12 * 20 = 240 piece of copies</p> <p>Then,</p> <p>1 dozen = 12 copies = Rs 240</p> <p>1 copy = \(\frac {240}{12}\) = Rs 20</p> <p>240 copy = Rs 20 * 240 = Rs 4800</p> <p>Total Cost price (CP) = Rs 4800</p> <p>Now,</p> <p>Selling price of 1 copy = Rs 30</p> <p>Selling price of 240 cpoies = Rs 30 * 240 = Rs 7200</p> <p>Total Selling price (SP) = Rs 7200</p> <p>&there4; SP &gt; CP</p> <p>Here,</p> <p>Profit = SP - CP</p> <p>= Rs 7200 - Rs 4800</p> <p>= Rs 2400</p> <p>Hence, She made profit of Rs 2400 on the transaction.</p>

Videos

Profit and Loss - Concepts and Tricks - Part 1
Profit and Loss Percent
Profit and Loss - Concepts and Tricks - Part 2
Arterial system and venous system of frog.

Arterial system and venous system of frog.

Arterial System of Frog

Arterial System of Frog
source:notesguidebook.blogspot.com
fig:Arterial System of Frog

Blood vessels, which carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the different part of the body, are called arteries. They constitute a system called arterial system. Truncus arterious gives two branches right aortic trunk and left aortic trunk. Each aortic trunk again divides into three branches-

Carotid arch:

It divides into-

External carotid: it is the smaller branch that supplies blood to the tongue and lowers jaw.
Internal carotid: it supplies blood to buccal cavity and brain. It consists swelling at the base called carotid labyrinth.
Fig: Arterial system of frog
Fig: Arterial system of frog

Systemic arch:

Two systemic arches move upward and then curve backward to join each other in the heart to form dorsal aorta. It is the largest of all three arches. Before meeting each other each systemic arch gives-
Before meeting each other each systemic arch gives:
Oesophageal artery: it supplies blood to the oesophagus.
Occipito vertebral artery: it supplies blood to head and vertebral column.
Subclavian: It arises externally just below the occipital- vertebral artery and supply blood to shoulder and forelimb.
Branches of the dorsal aorta: From the junction of two systemic arches coeliac – mesenteric artery arise which gives following branches.
Coeliac artery arises and gives two branches:
Hepatic artery: it supplies blood to the liver.
Gastric artery: It supplies blood to the stomach.
Anterior mesenteric artery gives four branches:
Duodenal artery: it supplies blood to the duodenum.
Intestinal artery: it supplies blood to the small intestine (ileum).
Spleenic artery: it supplies blood to spleen (meeting place of ileum and rectum).
Posterior mesenteric artery- It is Long Branch and supplies blood to the rectum.
Branches from dorsal aorta;The dorsal aorta runs backward and gives following branches-
Gonadial artery: it supplies blood to testes and ovary.
Renal artery: it supplies blood to the kidney.
Branches formed by the division of dorsal aorta;At the end, the dorsal aorta runs posterior and bifurcates into right and left common iliac arteries. Each of iliac arteries gives,
Femoral artery: it supplies blood to hip and thigh.
Sciatic artery: it supplies blood to lower region of hind legs.
Hypogastric artery: it supplies blood to urinary bladder
Epigastric artery: it supplies blood to the dorsal wall of abdomen

Pulmo-cutaneous arch

It divides into,

Pulmonary artery: it receives deoxygenated blood from different parts of the body and opens into lungs.
Cutaneous artery: it supplies oxygenated blood to the skin.

Venous system of frog

Venous system of frog
source:www.merospark.com
fig:Venous system of frog

Blood vessels, which carry the deoxygenated blood from different parts of the body to the heart, are called veins. They constitute a system called venous system. Venous system of frog can be studied under two heading

Pulmonary Venous system:

Blood from right and left lungs come to the left auricle / atrium of the heart through pulmonary veins. Only pulmonary veins have oxygenated blood while all the other veins have deoxygenated blood.

Systemic venous system:

It consists of three large veins, two anterior vena cava known as precavals and one posterior vena cava which is known as postcaval.
Precavals are two large veins which collect blood from the anterior parts of head, body, and forelimbs. It is formed by the unions of three veins,

External jugular vein: it is formed by the two veins,
Lingual vein: it receives deoxygenated blood from mouth and tongue.
Mandibular vein: it receives deoxygenated blood from the lower jaw.
Innominate vein: it is formed by two veins,
Internal jugular vein: it receives deoxygenated blood from eye, brain, and skull.
Subscapular vein- it receives deoxygenated blood from shoulder and arm.
Subclavian vein:it is formed by two veins,
Brachial veins: it receives deoxygenated blood from forelimb.
Musculo -cutaneous vein: it receives deoxygenated blood from muscles and skin.
Post caval collects blood from liver, kidney, viscera and hindlimbs. It opens into the posterior end of sinus venous. It consists of following veins,
Hepatic veins: it receives deoxygenated blood from livers.
Renal veins: it receives blood from kidneys.
Gonadial veins: it receives blood from ovary and testes.

Portal venous system

Set of veins which collect the blood from one organ and discharges it into another organ are called portal veins. The set of veins draining their blood into the liver is called hepatic portal whereas the set of veins opening into the kidneys are called renal portal system. A portal vein originates from capillaries and terminates as capillaries so it is also called as double capillaries system.

Renal portal system

It receives blood from all part of hindlimbs through the femoral vein and sciatic vein that joins together in coelom forming renal portal veins which run outside the kidneys and receives blood from a dorso-lumbar vein. A pair of iliac veins arises from the femoral vein that fuses together forming anterior abdominal vein that opens into liver with the hepatic vein. The renal portal veins break into the capillaries after entering into the kidney. This capillaries form 5 or 6 renal veins on emerging from the kidneys and opens into the post caval vein. All these veins form renal portal system.
Here, the harmful substances like urea, carbon dioxide, etc are separated by kidneys are passed outside as urine.

Hepatic portal system

Fig: Hepatic portal system
Fig: Hepatic portal system

The blood vessels (veins) bringing blood from various organs of the digestive system (stomach, duodenum, illiums, rectum, pancreas and spleen etc) combine to form a large vein. This is known as the hepatic portal vein. In the liver, it unites with the abdominal vein and then divides and redivides into capillaries to allow transfer of some of the digested food into the liver for storage. From the liver, it finally enters the post caval which carries blood to the sinus venous.

Lesson

Frog

Subject

Biology

Grade

Grade 11

Recent Notes

No recent notes.

Related Notes

No related notes.