Structure of Prokaryotic Cell
A prokaryotic cell shows various structures. This note contains detail information about various structures of the prokaryotic cell.
Summary
A prokaryotic cell shows various structures. This note contains detail information about various structures of the prokaryotic cell.
Things to Remember
- The cell is externally covered by a mucilaginous layer called slime layer.
- Cristae of mitochondria in plant cell are tubular in shape.
- Pili are short hair like outgrowth made up of protein.
- Thylakoids are a membrane-bounded sac-like structure which contains photosynthetic pigment and help in photosynthesis.
- Plasmids are additional ring of DNA found in the cytoplasm. They contain genes or factors for fertility and resistance of the cell.
- Mysosomes are finger like infoldings of the cell membrane. They increase the surface area for respiration and also help during cell division.
MCQs
No MCQs found.
Subjective Questions
Q1:
What do you mean by nutrients and balanced diet of cattle and buffalo?
Type: Short Difficulty: Easy
Q2:
Explain the life cycle of cow and buffalo.
Type: Long Difficulty: Easy
<p>The natural way for a cow to have a calf is unassisted in an open field or pasture. After mating, the gestation period is 285 days. After calving, lactation period lasts for 200 days. Heat period starts from about 10 days after calving and lasts for three days and is repeated in 18 days.</p>
<p>After birth, the calf will be ear-tagged or branded for identification and will nurse off its mother for the next 6 to 8 months. Eventually, the calf will start to graze grass alongside its mother until it is weaned from milk entirely.</p>
Q3:
What things are to be considered while feeding cattle and buffalo?
Type: Short Difficulty: Easy
Q4:
How can food be prepared from local materials for cattle and buffalo?
Type: Long Difficulty: Easy
Q5:
Write a short note on pasture management.
Type: Short Difficulty: Easy
Q6:
How will you do production management of cattle and buffalo?
Type: Short Difficulty: Easy
<ul>
<li>The record of capital goods</li>
<li>Income and expenditure records</li>
<li>Meat and milk production records</li>
<li>Feed and medicines purchase and consumption records</li>
<li>Growth record of the animals</li>
</ul>
Q7:
What are the main diseases of cattle and buffalo?
Type: Long Difficulty: Easy
<p><strong>Bacterial scours:</strong> This disease makes the animal weak, the young calf may refuse to suck or drink milk, the intestine fails to absorb fluids, watery discharge takes place and the calf is quickly dehydrated. It is caused by E. Coli and other bacterias.</p>
<p><strong>Bloat:</strong> This disease will make the accumulation of gas and foam production and distension of left stomach, stopped eating, increased rate of breathing and if it is not cured in time, then the animal may die. It is caused when ruminants feed on legume pasture</p>
<p><strong>Trichomoniasis: </strong>This disease is caused by a protozoan parasite. This may cause cattle to be infertile. By this disease, cattle will refuse or it will be slow in mating.</p>
<p><strong>Brucellosis:</strong> This disease is communicable to human. It is caused by bacteria and is highly infectious. Its symptoms are like the flu symptoms. It will cause joint pain, fever, headache etc.</p>
<p><strong>Food and Mouth Disease (FMD):</strong> It is caused due to the introduction of improved breeds. The major symptoms of this disease are high fever, sore feet lameness, lesion in the mouth, eating problems, infertility and high mortality of young stocks.</p>
Q8:
How can be diseases of cattle and buffalo be controlled?
Type: Short Difficulty: Easy
Q9:
Fill in the blanks.
- When a calf grows, it becomes a _________ .
- The right amount of fat and ______ is required in food for energy.
- Cattle and buffalo give birth to young calves ________ after mating.
- One aspect of production management is marketing and the other is _______ .
- Brucellosis disease is communicable to _______ .
Type: Short Difficulty: Easy
<li>When a calf grows, it becomes a <span style="text-decoration: underline;">cow or buffalo</span>.</li>
<li>The right amount of fat and <span style="text-decoration: underline;">carbohydrates</span> is required in food for energy.</li>
<li>Cattle and buffalo give birth to young calves <span style="text-decoration: underline;">at heat period</span> after mating.</li>
<li>One aspect of production management is marketing and the other is <span style="text-decoration: underline;">maintaining the records</span> .</li>
<li>Brucellosis disease is communicable to <span style="text-decoration: underline;">human</span>.</li>
</ol>
Q10:
What are the breeds that are available in Nepal?
Type: Short Difficulty: Easy
<ul>
<li>Local breed</li>
<li>Exotic breed</li>
</ul>
Q11:
What is the main reason to do cow and buffalo farming?
Type: Short Difficulty: Easy
Videos
cow and buffalo farming
cow farming
Structure of Prokaryotic Cell
source:classes.midlandstech.edu
A prokaryotic cell shows the following structures.
Simple layer/ Capsule
The cell is externally covered by a mucilaginous layer called slime layer. If it is thick, it is called capsule. It protects the cell from drying or desiccation.
Cell wall
It is a thick rigid protective layer which is chemically composed of murein. It gives distinct shape and protection to the cell.
Cell membrane
It is thin, elastic, semi-permeable membrane which is lipo-proteinous in chemical composition. It helps in respiration as it contains respiratory enzymes and also regulates the flow of materials in and out of the cell.
Cytoplasm
It is a granular, semi-fluid ground substance present throughout the cell. It contains inorganic and organic chemical compounds, enzymes, cell organelles like ribosomes and reserve food materials.
Nucleoid
It is the primitive type of nucleus which consist of genetic material in the form of highly folded, naked, circular DNA strand without histone protein.
Flagellum
It is a long thread-like structure made up of protein. It gives motility to the cell. The flagella do not show 9+2 arrangement.
Pili
Pili are short hair-like outgrowth made up of protein. They help in the arrangement. During reproduction, it helps in the formation of consultation tube.
Mysosome
These are finger-like infoldings of the cell membrane. They increase the surface area for respiration and also help during cell division.
Thylakoid
Thylakoids are a membrane-bounded sac-like structure which contains photosynthetic pigment and helps in photosynthesis.
Plasmid
Plasmids are the additional ring of DNA found in the cytoplasm. They contain genes or factors for fertility and resistance of the cell.
| Plant cell | Animal cell |
| The cell wall is present. | Cell wall is not present. |
| Plastids are present. | Plastids are absent. |
| Vacuoles are single and largely located. | Vacuoles are small and large in numbers and is scattered in the cytoplasm. |
| Centriole is absent. | Centriole is present. |
| The nucleus is located in the periphery. | Nucleus is located in the centre. |
| They are polygonal in shape. | They are circular in shape. |
| Lysosomes are absent. | Lysomes are present. |
| The nucleus is elliptical in shape. | Nucleus is round in shape. |
| A plant cell is generally large. | Animal cell is small in size. |
| Reserved food materials are a starch. | Reserved food materials are glycogen. |
| Mitochondria is fewer. | Mitochondria is numerous. |
| Cristae of mitochondria in plant cell are tubular in shape. | Cristae of mitochondria in the animal cell are the plate in shape. |
| Spindle apparatus is the ancestral type (without aster). | Spindle apparatus is an amphiastral type (having aster at the poles). |
| Smaller and numerous Golgi bodies i.e. dictyosomes. | Single and large Golgi body or Golgi complex. |
| Cytokinesis occurs by cell plate method. | Cytokinesis occurs by the cell celvage or furrowing method. |
| Plant cell does not undergo osmotic bursting. | Animal cell easily undergoes osmotic bursting. |
Lesson
Cell
Subject
Biology
Grade
Grade 11
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