Family-Solanaceae

This family includes 90 genera and 2200 species. The largest genus solanum includes 1700 species.This note contains detail information about family Solanaceae.

Summary

This family includes 90 genera and 2200 species. The largest genus solanum includes 1700 species.This note contains detail information about family Solanaceae.

Things to Remember

  • This family includes 90 genera and 2200 species. The largest genus solanum includes 1700 species.
  • The members are found in trophics, sub-trophics, temperate regions.
  • Many economically important vegetable plants are included in this family. So, this is considered as economically important family.

 

MCQs

No MCQs found.

Subjective Questions

Q1:

Define seasonal vegetables.


Type: Short Difficulty: Easy

Show/Hide Answer
Answer: <p>Seasonal vegetables are those&nbsp;vegetables that can not adjust all kind of temperatures. The seasonal vegetables are grown in the natural cycle of seasons when they are most suitable. For example, cauliflower only grows in&nbsp;winter season.</p>

Q2:

Define off-seasonal vegetables.


Type: Short Difficulty: Easy

Show/Hide Answer
Answer: <p>The off seasonal vegetables are those vegetables which can be grown in any season using technology. The main advantage of off-season vegetables is that it ensures food scarcity. For example, tomato can be grown anytime using a tunnel or greenhouse technology or genetically modified seed.</p>

Q3:

Distinguish between manure and fertilizer.


Type: Long Difficulty: Easy

Show/Hide Answer
Answer: <table width="286">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Manure</td>
<td>Fertilizer</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Manure are made from naturally occurring by-products from plants and animals known as an organic substance.</td>
<td>Fertilizers are synthetically prepared to provide the vital nutrients necessary for the plant's growth.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>It contains natural nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) and other several nutrients.</td>
<td>They contain a high percentage of NPK which is prepared with complicated chemical processes.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>It does not harm microscopic organism in the soil.</td>
<td>It damages the natural structure of the soil.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

Q4:

Write some importances of drip irrigation in vegetable farming.


Type: Long Difficulty: Easy

Show/Hide Answer
Answer: <p>There are different types of an irrigation system. Drip irrigation is one of the most popular irrigation systems in vegetable farming. Some of the importance of drip irrigation in vegetable farming are as follows:</p>
<ul>
<li>A small volume of water can be sufficient to a lot of vegetable plants. It is water efficient technology.</li>
<li>The system has high economic use of water.</li>
<li>Labour will not be required to water the plants individually.</li>
<li>It does not wash fertilizer and pesticide used.</li>
<li>This technology helps in the betterment of the environment quality.</li>
</ul>

Q5:

Describe the process to grow seasonal vegetables.


Type: Long Difficulty: Easy

Show/Hide Answer
Answer: <p>The process to grow seasonal vegetables are as follows:</p>
<ol>
<li>Firstly, select an appropriate place to plant the vegetables which are safe and have enough sunlight.</li>
<li>Get good seeds, plants, and materials.</li>
<li>Dig soils, break clods, remove weeds, level the land, apply compost and make seed beds for sowing.</li>
<li>Dig a hole and gently put a seed or plant into the hole and fill again firmly with soil.</li>
<li>Be careful that you won't put water too much in soil.</li>
<li>Manage and control pests. Mulch and cultivate to control pests and weeds because they compete with vegetables for water, nutrients and light.</li>
</ol>

Q6:

Write short notes on storing vegetables.


Type: Short Difficulty: Easy

Show/Hide Answer
Answer: <p>Vegetables must be stored under proper conditions. It should be stored in cold storage. Temperature and humidity are important factors for the proper condition of vegetables. Some specific vegetables&nbsp;have their ideal set of conditions at which they can be stored most successfully for the maximum length of time. 30<sup>o</sup>F - 36<sup>o</sup>F is the ideal temperature for the vegetation.</p>

Q7:

How can we control pest?


Type: Long Difficulty: Easy

Show/Hide Answer
Answer: <p>We can control pest by:</p>
<ol>
<li>Appropriate and clean cultivation practice.</li>
<li>Using varieties of plants that are resistant to the pest.</li>
<li>Using bio-pesticide to control pests.</li>
<li>Using other biological predators like ladybird, beetle to control pests.</li>
<li>Raising awareness of the farmers in pest management</li>
</ol>

Q8:

Describe the types of organic manure.


Type: Long Difficulty: Easy

Show/Hide Answer
Answer: <p>There are different types of organic manure. Some of them are described below:</p>
<ol>
<li><strong>Compost:</strong> After decomposition of an organic matter, compost is obtained. It is usually of plants origin but often includes some animal dung.</li>
<li><strong>Slurry:</strong> Slurry is a kind of slug usually of a cow or buffalo dung obtained after the use in biogas plants. It moistens the soils as it carries a lot of nutrients.</li>
<li><strong>Sewage:</strong> Sewage is water-carried waste that is removed from the home as waste. But one must be sure that it is free from chemical before pouring to the field.</li>
<li><strong>Worm-composting:&nbsp;</strong>Worm composting is a method for recycling food waste into a rich, dark, earth-smelling soil conditioner. These worms help to decompose the organic matters giving a very good quality of fertilizer known as vermin-composting.</li>
<li><strong>Peat:&nbsp;</strong>Peat is an accumulation of partially decayed vegetation or organic matter that is unique to natural areas called peatlands or bogs. It is good for flower growing.</li>
<li><strong>Green manure:&nbsp;</strong>Green manure is a term used to describe a specific plant or crop variety that is grown and turned into the soil to improve its overall quality. They are grown in the field for about 40 days and turned under the soils as manure through cultivation.</li>
</ol>

Q9:

What is worm composting?


Type: Short Difficulty: Easy

Show/Hide Answer
Answer: <p>Worm composting is a method for recycling food waste into a rich, dark, earth-smelling soil conditioner and a valuable soil amendment called vermin compost or worm compost. Worms eat food scraps, which become compost as they pass through the worm's body. The great advantage of worm composting is that this can be done indoors and outdoors.</p>

Q10:

Write short notes on green manure.


Type: Short Difficulty: Easy

Show/Hide Answer
Answer: <p>Green manures are a great way to add organic nutrients to your soil. A green manure crop can be cut and&nbsp;be plowed into the soil or simply left on the ground for an extended period prior to tilling garden areas. They are grown in the field for about 40 days and turned under the soils as manure through cultivation.</p>

Q11:

How is compost prepared? Describe.


Type: Long Difficulty: Easy

Show/Hide Answer
Answer: <p>We can prepare compost by the following method:</p>
<p><strong>1. Suitable place:</strong> For composting, well-drained area is very much important which should be near the back yard or close to cattle shed for avoiding of foul smell.</p>
<p><strong>2. Collecting of composting materials</strong>: Many kinds of organic materials are used to make compost. Organic materials consist of dead plants, rotten vegetables, kitchen waste, animals litter, urine, etc. They might be available naturally.</p>
<p><strong>3. Tools and equipment required:</strong> Tools and equipments are required depending on which method we are going to use. Some of the examples are compost bin or container, shovel, fork, etc</p>
<p><strong>4. Selecting appropriate method:</strong> There are&nbsp;three types of composting method. They are pit method, piling method and bin method. Former two are good for large quantity production and the third is good for a small quantity.</p>
<p><strong>5. Filling process:</strong> We should take care of the following aspects while filling up the materials.</p>
<ul>
<li>Using a shovel, turn soil into the selected area. Cover the bottom of the surface with a 5cm or 6cm layer of coarse and dry shrubs. This will help to allow air circulation and improve drainage.</li>
<li>In the second layer, there should be two parts of the carbon-rich matter and nitrogen rich matter.</li>
<li>Next spread some wood ash between the layer.</li>
<li>At last, we should add more organic materials, rotten vegetables, kitchen waste into the bin for about two to three weeks.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>6. Turning the compost and other cares:</strong> Here we need to see how moist the compost is. Timely decomposition is very important for the betterment of the compost. Decomposition should be turned into compost at least two-time depending on the temperature. Watering must be done in order to get better results.</p>

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Family-Solanaceae

Family-Solanaceae

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source:www.pbase.com

Class: Dicotyledonae

Sub-class: Gamopetalae

Series: Bicarpellate

Order: Polemoniales

Family: Solanaceae

Common name

Distribution

This family includes 90 genera and 2200 species. The largest genus solanum includes 1700 species. The members are found in trophics, sub-trophics, temperate regions. Many economically important vegetable plants are included in this family. So, this is considered as economically important family.

Vegetative Characters

Habit

Annual(Physalis minima), biennial or perennial herbs(Vicia, Pisum), shrubs(Cestrum, Brunfelsia), soft wooded trees (Solanum, Petunia), sometimes climbers (Lycium sinemis), terrestrial.

Root

Well developed branched taproot system.

Stem

Aerial, erect or prostrate or creeping with distinct nodes and internodes, branched, herbaceous. Sometimes woody, cylindrical, solid, rarely fistular, pubescent or glabrous, sometimes stem gets modified into the underground swollen structure due to the storage of food materials.

leaf

Cauline and ramal, exstipulate, petiolate or subsessile or sessile, alternate, opposite in upper portions or floral portions, simple, sometimes pinnately lobed(Lycopersicum) unicostate, reticulate venation.

Reproductive characters

Inflorescence

Cymose, axillary or extra-axillary condense cyme(Solanum nigrum), scorpioid cyme(Solanumtuberosum) sometimes solitary also.

Flower

Bracteate(Petunia), ebracteate(Cuithania), pedicellate, complete, bisexual, actinomorphic, weakly zygomorphic due to an oblique position of the ovary, pentamerous, hypogynous.

Calyx

Sepals(5), gamosepalous, valvate aestivation, persistent, sometimes four or six sepals may be present, inferior.

Corolla

Petals(5), gamopetalous, rotate or tubular(Solanum, Cestrum), campanulate(Atropa), infundibuliform(Datura), valvate or sometimes twisted aestivation or inferior

Androecium

Stamens 5, polyandrous, epipetalous, sometimes only 2 stamens (Schizanthes) may be present or sometimes 4 stamens in didynamous condition (Salpiglossis) may be seen. missing stamens are represented by the staminodes(Sterile stamens), anther dithecous, basifixed, introrse, connate(solanum) dehiscing by apical pore (Solanum) or longitudinal slits (Petunia) inferior.

Gynoecium

Carpels(2), bi carpellary, syncarpous, ovary superior, obliquely placed, bilocular with many ovules, axile placentation, sometimes ovary may be tetralocular(Datum) or tritopentalocular(Nicandra), swollen placenta, style simple, stigma bifid or capitate.

Fruit

Berry(Lycopersicum), Septicidal capsule(Datura)

Floral formula

Ebr or Br. K(5) \(\widehat{C_{(5)} A_5}\) G

Economic Importance

Vegetables (food plants)

  • Solanum tuberosum (Potato)
  • Solanum nelongena (Brinjal)
  • Capsicum annum (Capsicum)
  • Capsicum Frutescence (Chilly)
  • Lycopersicum esuculentum (Tomato)
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source:howtolivelonglife.blogspot.com

Medical plants

  • Nicotania tabaccum(Tobacco)
  • Atropa beladonna (Atropo)
  • Datura stramonium (Dhatura)
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source: en.wikipedia.org

Ornamental plants

  • Solanum Jasminoldes (Jasmine)
  • Cestrum noctuurleum (Night jasmine)
  • Petunia hybrida (Petunia)

Lesson

Angiosperm

Subject

Biology

Grade

Grade 11

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