Copper

Copper is the oldest human used metals.Copper is used to make electrical goods and cables, manufacture of dyes and pesticides, make utensils, coins, jewelry, etc. For more information on copper, its uses and properties please click on the title.

Summary

Copper is the oldest human used metals.Copper is used to make electrical goods and cables, manufacture of dyes and pesticides, make utensils, coins, jewelry, etc. For more information on copper, its uses and properties please click on the title.

Things to Remember

  • Copper belongs to Group IB and period 4 of the periodic table. It is a 'd' block element. It is also known as the transitional element.
  • Copper is used for making electrical goods and cables, manufacture of dyes and pesticides, make utensils, coins, jewelry, etc.
  • The properties of copper are: red brownish metal with a metallic luster, highly malleable and ductile in nature, Its melting point is 1083°C and its boiling point is 2562°C.

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Subjective Questions

Q1:

What is new accounting system?


Type: Very_short Difficulty: Easy

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Answer: <p>The new accounting system is the present accounting system of government of Nepal which keeps the systematic record of all revenues and expenditures of the government offices performed through the bank.</p>

Q2:

Explain the features of new accounting system.


Type: Short Difficulty: Easy

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Answer: <p>The new accounting system has been implemented in Nepal to overcome the drawbacks of payment of accounting system. The main features of new accounting system are as follows:</p> <ol><li><strong>Based on double entry concept<br></strong>The new accounting system is based on the principle of the double-entry system of accounting. It records the every financial transaction of government office by showing double effect i.e. debit and credit. Thus, it is called modern and scientific system of accounting.<br><br></li> <li><strong><strong>Emphasis on banking transactions</strong></strong><br>Under new accounting system, all the government revenue and expenditures are performed through the bank. Every government office should deposit all its revenues into the bank and make expenditures through cheque. It helps to prevent the misuse of cash in government offices.<br><br></li> <li><strong>Based on budget heads</strong><br>The new accounting system has the provision of various budget heads for keeping records of the transaction. The transactions are recorded according to their budget and subheads. It helps to maintain the effective control over the budget.<br><br></li> <li><strong><strong>Use of bracket<br></strong></strong>The bracket is used to show the amount to be credited. This is used especially while recording the clearance of advance in bank cash book and budget sheet.<br><br></li> <li><strong>Inter-head transfer of budget</strong><br>Budget is allocated under the different heads of expenditures by central level offices. Sometimes, one budget head may have the surplus and another budget head may have an insufficient amount. In such condition, the amount can be transferred from the budget head having the surplus budget to the budget head lacking the required amount.<br><br></li> <li><strong>Simplicity and uniformity</strong><br>The new accounting system is a simple and uniform type of accounting system. It follows same forms, formats and procedures for recording, classifying and reporting the financial transactions. It is used and followed by all the government offices throughout the country. Thus, it is considered as simple and uniform accounting system for maintaining the record of the financial transaction.<br><br></li> <li><strong>Based on cash transaction</strong><br>New accounting system performs the transactions only on a cash basis. It does not keep the record of credit transactions. It keeps the record of the transaction at the time of cash receipts and payments not at the time of receiving goods or services. Due to this feature, the amount of advance given is also recorded by assuming it as expenditure until its clearance.<br><br></li> <li><strong>Use of prescribed forms</strong><br>The new accounting system uses different accounting forms for keeping the record. Such forms are designed and prescribed by the office of the auditor general and implemented by all government offices. All the government offices are legally liable for using such forms and formats. Some of the forms under this system are journal voucher (AGF no.10), bank cash book (AGF no. 5) and budget sheet (AGF no. 8) etc.</li> </ol>

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Copper

Copper

Symbol: Cu
Atomic No: 29
Atomic weight: 63.57
Valency: 1 and 2
Electronic configuration: 1s2,2s2,2p6,3s2,3p6,3d10,4s1
Position in the periodic table: Copper belongs to Group IB and period 4 of the periodic table. It is a 'd' block element. It is also known as transition element.

Important ores of copper

  1. Cuprite (Ruby copper)
  2. Copper pyrite ( Chalcopyrite)
  3. Copper glance ( Chalcocite)
  4. Malachite

Properties

Physical

  1. Copper is a red brownish metal with a metallic luster.
  2. It is a good conductor of heat and electricity.
  3. Its specific gravity is 8.95.
  4. It is highly malleable and ductile in nature.
  5. Its melting point is 1083°C and its boiling point is 2562°C.

Chemical properties

Action with acids

  1. Reaction with hydrochloric acid Copper does not react with hydrochloric acid in normal condition but Copper react with the dilute hydrochloric acid in the presence of air to form cupric chloride.

    2Cu + 4HCl + O2 → 2CuCl2 + 2H2O

    Copper reacts with the concentrated hydrochloric acid, and it forms cuprous chloride and hydrogen gas.

    2Cu + 2HCl → 2CuCl + H2

  2. Reaction with sulphuric acid: Copper does not react with the sulphuric acid in normal condition but Copper reacts with the warm dilute sulphuric acid in the presence of air to producecoppersulphate and water.

    2Cu + 2H2SO4 + O2 → 2CuSO4 + 2H2O

    Copper reacts with hot and concentrated sulphuric acid to produce copper II sulphate and sulphur dioxide.

    Cu + conc. 2H2SO4 → CuSO4 + 2H2O + SO2

  3. Reaction with nitric acid : Copper reacts with hot dilute nitric acid to form copper(II)nitrate,nitricoxide and water.

    3Cu + 8HNO3 → 3Cu(NO3)2 + 4H2O + 2NO

    Copper reacts with hot concentrated nitric acid to give copper nitrate, nitrogen dioxide and water.

    Cu + conc. 4HNO3 → Cu(NO3)2 + 2H2O + 2NO2

Uses of copper

  1. Copper is used for making electrical goods and cables.

    http://www.prestigeelectric.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/copper-electrical-wire.jpg

    Fig: Copper wire

    http://im-3.eefa.co/fg-copper-s3.jpg

    Fig: Copper refrigerator
  2. It is used in electroplating.

    http://www.middleschoolchemistry.com/atomsworld/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/electrochemistry1.jpg

    Fig: Copper electroplating

  3. It is used for making utensils, coins, jewelry, etc.

    http://www.asianartcreations.com/handicrafts-india/copper-utensils-kalash.jpg

    Fig: Copper utensil

    http://www.coinlink.com/News/images/1877_blay_pcgs.jpg

    Fig: Copper coin
  4. It is used in the manufacture of dyes and pesticides.

Lesson

Metals

Subject

Science

Grade

Grade 10

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