Characteristics of a Group

Valence electrons, valency, atomic size, ionization energy, metallic character, electron-positivity, electron-negativity and reactivity are the characteristics of groups. This note describes about variations in different properties of a group in a periodic table.

Summary

Valence electrons, valency, atomic size, ionization energy, metallic character, electron-positivity, electron-negativity and reactivity are the characteristics of groups. This note describes about variations in different properties of a group in a periodic table.

Things to Remember

  • Valence electrons, valency, atomic size, ionization energy, metallic character, electron-positivity, electron-negativity and reactivity are the characteristics of groups.
  • The atomic radius of the element (i.e. atomic size) lying in a group increases as we go up from top to bottom in a group.
  • The energy, which is required to pull out the most loosely, held electron in an atom is called ionization energy.
  • After losing their outer electron, an atom becomes electro-positively charged. 
  •  After gaining its electron, an atom becomes electro-negative. 

MCQs

No MCQs found.

Subjective Questions

Q1:

Explain the procedure of preparing ledger account.


Type: Short Difficulty: Easy

Show/Hide Answer
Answer: <p>Posting the account from journal to the ledger, the rules of journalising should be followed. Account debited in a journal should be also debited and account credit also credit in the ledger account. The process of preparing the ledger account can be summarized as follows:</p> <p>1. Mention the name of account at the top center.</p> <p>2. Post the account on its debit side if it has been debited in the journal. The first four columns on debit side record the information as follows:</p> <ul><li><strong>Date:</strong> it record the date of the transaction.</li> <li><strong>Particular:</strong> it record the name of reference account after writing the word <strong>'To'</strong>. The reference account is one, which has been credited in the journal.</li> <li><strong>Journal folio(JF):</strong> It record the page number of the journal from which the account is being posted.</li> <li><strong>Amount:</strong> It records the amount of the account being debited.</li> </ul><p>3. Post the account on its credit side if it has been credited in the journal. The last four column on credit side record the information as follows:</p> <ul><li><strong>Date:</strong> It record the date of the transaction.</li> <li><strong>Particulars:</strong> it records the name of reference account after writing the word<strong> 'By'.</strong> The referenced account is one, which has been debited in the journal.</li> <li><strong>Journal folio (JF):</strong> It record the page number of the journal from which the account is being posted.</li> <li><strong>Amount:</strong> it record the amount of the account being credited.</li> </ul>

Q2:

The following transactions are extracted from the books of a trader:

  1. Started business with cash Rs.60,000.
  2. Cash deposited in the bank Rs.50,000.
  3. Goods purchased from Ramesh for Rs.10,000 and paid by cheque Rs.3,000 in part.
  4. Cash sales made Rs.800.
  5. Paid for salary Rs.4,000 and for rent Rs.2,000 by cheque.
  6. Received commission of Rs.2,500.

Required: Cash a/c and Bank a/c


Type: Short Difficulty: Easy

Show/Hide Answer
Answer: <p>Journal entries</p> <table><tbody><tr><td width="66"> <p>Date</p> </td> <td width="336"> <p>Particulars</p> </td> <td width="48"> <p>LF</p> </td> <td width="90"> <p>Debit Rs.</p> </td> <td width="85"> <p>Credit Rs.</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="66"> <p>a).</p> </td> <td width="336"> <p>Cash a/c &hellip;&hellip;&hellip;&hellip;&hellip;&hellip;&hellip;&hellip;&hellip;&hellip;&hellip;Dr.</p> </td> <td width="48"> <p></p> </td> <td width="90"> <p>60,000</p> </td> <td width="85"> <p></p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="66"> <p></p> </td> <td width="336"> <p>To capital a/c</p> </td> <td width="48"> <p></p> </td> <td width="90"> <p></p> </td> <td width="85"> <p>60,000</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="66"> <p></p> </td> <td width="336"> <p>(Being business started with cash.)</p> </td> <td width="48"> <p></p> </td> <td width="90"> <p></p> </td> <td width="85"> <p></p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="66"> <p>b).</p> </td> <td width="336"> <p>Bank a/c &hellip;&hellip;&hellip;&hellip;&hellip;&hellip;&hellip;Dr.</p> </td> <td width="48"> <p></p> </td> <td width="90"> <p>50,000</p> </td> <td width="85"> <p></p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="66"> <p></p> </td> <td width="336"> <p>To cash a/c</p> </td> <td width="48"> <p></p> </td> <td width="90"> <p></p> </td> <td width="85"> <p>50,000</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="66"> <p></p> </td> <td width="336"> <p>(Being cash deposited into bank.)</p> </td> <td width="48"> <p></p> </td> <td width="90"> <p></p> </td> <td width="85"> <p></p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="66"> <p>c).</p> </td> <td width="336"> <p>Purchase a/c &hellip;&hellip;&hellip;&hellip;&hellip;&hellip;.Dr.</p> </td> <td width="48"> <p></p> </td> <td width="90"> <p>10,000</p> </td> <td width="85"> <p></p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="66"> <p></p> </td> <td width="336"> <p>To Bank a/c</p> </td> <td width="48"> <p></p> </td> <td width="90"> <p></p> </td> <td width="85"> <p>3,000</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="66"> <p></p> </td> <td width="336"> <p>To Ramesh&rsquo;s a/c</p> </td> <td width="48"> <p></p> </td> <td width="90"> <p></p> </td> <td width="85"> <p>7,000</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="66"> <p></p> </td> <td width="336"> <p>(Being goods purchased from Ramesh and paid through cheque.)</p> </td> <td width="48"> <p></p> </td> <td width="90"> <p></p> </td> <td width="85"> <p></p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="66"> <p>d).</p> </td> <td width="336"> <p>Cash a/c&hellip;&hellip;&hellip;&hellip;&hellip;&hellip;&hellip;&hellip;&hellip;..Dr.</p> </td> <td width="48"> <p></p> </td> <td width="90"> <p>800</p> </td> <td width="85"> <p></p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="66"> <p></p> </td> <td width="336"> <p>To sales a/c</p> </td> <td width="48"> <p></p> </td> <td width="90"> <p></p> </td> <td width="85"> <p>800</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="66"> <p></p> </td> <td width="336"> <p>(Being cash sales made.)</p> </td> <td width="48"> <p></p> </td> <td width="90"> <p></p> </td> <td width="85"> <p></p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="66"> <p>e).</p> </td> <td width="336"> <p>Salary a/c &hellip;&hellip;&hellip;&hellip;&hellip;&hellip;&hellip;&hellip;&hellip;Dr.</p> </td> <td width="48"> <p></p> </td> <td width="90"> <p>4,000</p> </td> <td width="85"> <p></p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="66"> <p></p> </td> <td width="336"> <p>Rent a/c&hellip;&hellip;&hellip;&hellip;&hellip;&hellip;&hellip;&hellip;&hellip;&hellip;Dr.</p> </td> <td width="48"> <p></p> </td> <td width="90"> <p>2,000</p> </td> <td width="85"> <p></p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="66"> <p></p> </td> <td width="336"> <p>To cash a/c</p> </td> <td width="48"> <p></p> </td> <td width="90"> <p></p> </td> <td width="85"> <p>6,000</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="66"> <p></p> </td> <td width="336"> <p>Being paid for salary and rent by cheque.)</p> </td> <td width="48"> <p></p> </td> <td width="90"> <p></p> </td> <td width="85"> <p></p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="66"> <p>f).</p> </td> <td width="336"> <p>Cash a/c&hellip;&hellip;&hellip;&hellip;&hellip;&hellip;&hellip;&hellip;&hellip;&hellip;..Dr.</p> </td> <td width="48"> <p></p> </td> <td width="90"> <p>2,500</p> </td> <td width="85"> <p></p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="66"> <p></p> </td> <td width="336"> <p>To commission received a/c</p> </td> <td width="48"> <p></p> </td> <td width="90"> <p></p> </td> <td width="85"> <p>2,500</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="66"> <p></p> </td> <td width="336"> <p>(Being commission received.)</p> </td> <td width="48"> <p></p> </td> <td width="90"> <p></p> </td> <td width="85"> <p></p> </td> </tr></tbody></table><p></p> <p>Cash a/c</p> <table><tbody><tr><td width="43"> <p>Date</p> </td> <td width="184"> <p>Particulars</p> </td> <td width="26"> <p>JF</p> </td> <td width="66"> <p>Amount</p> </td> <td width="48"> <p>Date</p> </td> <td width="174"> <p>Particulars</p> </td> <td width="30"> <p>JF</p> </td> <td width="67"> <p>Amount</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="43"> <p></p> </td> <td width="184"> <p>To capital a/c</p> </td> <td width="26"> <p></p> </td> <td width="66"> <p>60,000</p> </td> <td width="48"> <p></p> </td> <td width="174"> <p>By bank a/c</p> </td> <td width="30"> <p></p> </td> <td width="67"> <p>50,000</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="43"> <p></p> </td> <td width="184"> <p>To sales a/c</p> </td> <td width="26"> <p></p> </td> <td width="66"> <p>800</p> </td> <td width="48"> <p></p> </td> <td width="174"> <p>By salary a/c</p> </td> <td width="30"> <p></p> </td> <td width="67"> <p>4,000</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="43"> <p></p> </td> <td width="184"> <p>To commission received a/c</p> </td> <td width="26"> <p></p> </td> <td width="66"> <p>2,500</p> </td> <td width="48"> <p></p> </td> <td width="174"> <p>By rent a/c</p> </td> <td width="30"> <p></p> </td> <td width="67"> <p>2,000</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="43"> <p></p> </td> <td width="184"> <p></p> </td> <td width="26"> <p></p> </td> <td width="66"> <p></p> </td> <td width="48"> <p></p> </td> <td width="174"> <p>By balance c/d</p> </td> <td width="30"> <p></p> </td> <td width="67"> <p>7,300</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="43"> <p></p> </td> <td width="184"> <p></p> </td> <td width="26"> <p></p> </td> <td width="66"> <p>63,300</p> </td> <td width="48"> <p></p> </td> <td width="174"> <p></p> </td> <td width="30"> <p></p> </td> <td width="67"> <p>63,300</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="43"> <p></p> </td> <td width="184"> <p>To balance b/d</p> </td> <td width="26"> <p></p> </td> <td width="66"> <p>7,300</p> </td> <td width="48"> <p></p> </td> <td width="174"> <p></p> </td> <td width="30"> <p></p> </td> <td width="67"> <p></p> </td> </tr></tbody></table><p></p> <p>Bank a/c</p> <table><tbody><tr><td width="43"> <p>Date</p> </td> <td width="184"> <p>Particulars</p> </td> <td width="26"> <p>JF</p> </td> <td width="66"> <p>Amount</p> </td> <td width="48"> <p>Date</p> </td> <td width="174"> <p>Particulars</p> </td> <td width="30"> <p>JF</p> </td> <td width="67"> <p>Amount</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="43"> <p></p> </td> <td width="184"> <p>To cash a/c</p> </td> <td width="26"> <p></p> </td> <td width="66"> <p>50,000</p> </td> <td width="48"> <p></p> </td> <td width="174"> <p>By purchase a/c</p> </td> <td width="30"> <p></p> </td> <td width="67"> <p>3,000</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="43"> <p></p> </td> <td width="184"> <p></p> </td> <td width="26"> <p></p> </td> <td width="66"> <p></p> </td> <td width="48"> <p></p> </td> <td width="174"> <p>By balance c/d</p> </td> <td width="30"> <p></p> </td> <td width="67"> <p>47,000</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="43"> <p></p> </td> <td width="184"> <p></p> </td> <td width="26"> <p></p> </td> <td width="66"> <p>50,000</p> </td> <td width="48"> <p></p> </td> <td width="174"> <p></p> </td> <td width="30"> <p></p> </td> <td width="67"> <p>50,000</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="43"> <p></p> </td> <td width="184"> <p>To balance b/d</p> </td> <td width="26"> <p></p> </td> <td width="66"> <p>47,000</p> </td> <td width="48"> <p></p> </td> <td width="174"> <p></p> </td> <td width="30"> <p></p> </td> <td width="67"> <p></p> </td> </tr></tbody></table>

Q3:

The following transactions are extracted from the books of Mr. Prithivi Poudel:

  1. Purchased office furniture for Rs.7,000 from Fine Furniture Centre and paid by cheque Rs.2,000 in part.
  2. Cash received from Mr. Jatan Joshi Rs.2,300 and allowed discount to him Rs.200.
  3. Cash purchases made Rs.700.
  4. Received rent through cheque Rs.2,500.
  5. Paid for interest Rs.600.

Required: Cash a/c and Purchase a/c


Type: Short Difficulty: Easy

Show/Hide Answer
Answer: <p>Journal entries</p> <table><tbody><tr><td width="66"> <p>Date</p> </td> <td width="336"> <p>Particulars</p> </td> <td width="48"> <p>LF</p> </td> <td width="90"> <p>Debit Rs.</p> </td> <td width="85"> <p>Credit Rs.</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="66"> <p>a).</p> </td> <td width="336"> <p>Furniture a/c &hellip;&hellip;&hellip;&hellip;&hellip;&hellip;&hellip;&hellip;&hellip;.Dr.</p> </td> <td width="48"> <p></p> </td> <td width="90"> <p>7,000</p> </td> <td width="85"> <p></p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="66"> <p></p> </td> <td width="336"> <p>To Bank a/c</p> </td> <td width="48"> <p></p> </td> <td width="90"> <p></p> </td> <td width="85"> <p>2,000</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="66"> <p></p> </td> <td width="336"> <p>To Fine Furniture a/c</p> </td> <td width="48"> <p></p> </td> <td width="90"> <p></p> </td> <td width="85"> <p>5,000</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="66"> <p></p> </td> <td width="336"> <p>(Being office furniture purchased through cheque and paid in part.)</p> </td> <td width="48"> <p></p> </td> <td width="90"> <p></p> </td> <td width="85"> <p></p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="66"> <p>b).</p> </td> <td width="336"> <p>Cash a/c &hellip;&hellip;&hellip;&hellip;&hellip;&hellip;&hellip;&hellip;..Dr.</p> </td> <td width="48"> <p></p> </td> <td width="90"> <p>2,300</p> </td> <td width="85"> <p></p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="66"> <p></p> </td> <td width="336"> <p>Discount a/c&hellip;&hellip;&hellip;&hellip;&hellip;&hellip;&hellip;..Dr.</p> </td> <td width="48"> <p></p> </td> <td width="90"> <p>200</p> </td> <td width="85"> <p></p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="66"> <p></p> </td> <td width="336"> <p>To Mr. Jatan Joshi&rsquo;s a/c</p> </td> <td width="48"> <p></p> </td> <td width="90"> <p></p> </td> <td width="85"> <p>2,500</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="66"> <p></p> </td> <td width="336"> <p>(Being cash received from Mr. Jatan Joshi and allowed discount.)</p> </td> <td width="48"> <p></p> </td> <td width="90"> <p></p> </td> <td width="85"> <p></p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="66"> <p>c).</p> </td> <td width="336"> <p>Purchase a/c&hellip;&hellip;&hellip;&hellip;&hellip;..Dr.</p> </td> <td width="48"> <p></p> </td> <td width="90"> <p>700</p> </td> <td width="85"> <p></p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="66"> <p></p> </td> <td width="336"> <p>To cash a/c</p> </td> <td width="48"> <p></p> </td> <td width="90"> <p></p> </td> <td width="85"> <p>700</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="66"> <p></p> </td> <td width="336"> <p>(Being cash purchases made.)</p> </td> <td width="48"> <p></p> </td> <td width="90"> <p></p> </td> <td width="85"> <p></p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="66"> <p>d).</p> </td> <td width="336"> <p>Bank a/c &hellip;&hellip;&hellip;&hellip;&hellip;&hellip;&hellip;&hellip;.Dr.</p> </td> <td width="48"> <p></p> </td> <td width="90"> <p>2,500</p> </td> <td width="85"> <p></p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="66"> <p></p> </td> <td width="336"> <p>To rent received a/c</p> </td> <td width="48"> <p></p> </td> <td width="90"> <p></p> </td> <td width="85"> <p>2,500</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="66"> <p></p> </td> <td width="336"> <p>(Being rent received through cheque.)</p> </td> <td width="48"> <p></p> </td> <td width="90"> <p></p> </td> <td width="85"> <p></p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="66"> <p>e).</p> </td> <td width="336"> <p>Interest a/c&hellip;&hellip;&hellip;&hellip;&hellip;&hellip;&hellip;&hellip;&hellip;Dr.</p> </td> <td width="48"> <p></p> </td> <td width="90"> <p>600</p> </td> <td width="85"> <p></p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="66"> <p></p> </td> <td width="336"> <p>To cash a/c</p> </td> <td width="48"> <p></p> </td> <td width="90"> <p></p> </td> <td width="85"> <p>600</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="66"> <p></p> </td> <td width="336"> <p>(Being paid for interest.)</p> </td> <td width="48"> <p></p> </td> <td width="90"> <p></p> </td> <td width="85"> <p></p> </td> </tr></tbody></table><p></p> <p>Cash a/c</p> <table><tbody><tr><td width="43"> <p>Date</p> </td> <td width="184"> <p>Particulars</p> </td> <td width="26"> <p>JF</p> </td> <td width="66"> <p>Amount</p> </td> <td width="48"> <p>Date</p> </td> <td width="174"> <p>Particulars</p> </td> <td width="30"> <p>JF</p> </td> <td width="67"> <p>Amount</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="43"> <p></p> </td> <td width="184"> <p>To Mr. Jatan Joshi&rsquo;s a/c</p> </td> <td width="26"> <p></p> </td> <td width="66"> <p>60,000</p> </td> <td width="48"> <p></p> </td> <td width="174"> <p>By purchase a/c</p> </td> <td width="30"> <p></p> </td> <td width="67"> <p>700</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="43"> <p></p> </td> <td width="184"> <p></p> </td> <td width="26"> <p></p> </td> <td width="66"> <p></p> </td> <td width="48"> <p></p> </td> <td width="174"> <p>By interest a/c</p> </td> <td width="30"> <p></p> </td> <td width="67"> <p>600</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="43"> <p></p> </td> <td width="184"> <p></p> </td> <td width="26"> <p></p> </td> <td width="66"> <p></p> </td> <td width="48"> <p></p> </td> <td width="174"> <p>By balance c/d</p> </td> <td width="30"> <p></p> </td> <td width="67"> <p>58,700</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="43"> <p></p> </td> <td width="184"> <p></p> </td> <td width="26"> <p></p> </td> <td width="66"> <p>60,000</p> </td> <td width="48"> <p></p> </td> <td width="174"> <p></p> </td> <td width="30"> <p></p> </td> <td width="67"> <p>60,000</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="43"> <p></p> </td> <td width="184"> <p>To balance b/d</p> </td> <td width="26"> <p></p> </td> <td width="66"> <p>58,700</p> </td> <td width="48"> <p></p> </td> <td width="174"> <p></p> </td> <td width="30"> <p></p> </td> <td width="67"> <p></p> </td> </tr></tbody></table><p></p> <p>Purchase a/c</p> <table><tbody><tr><td width="43"> <p>Date</p> </td> <td width="184"> <p>Particulars</p> </td> <td width="26"> <p>JF</p> </td> <td width="66"> <p>Amount</p> </td> <td width="48"> <p>Date</p> </td> <td width="174"> <p>Particulars</p> </td> <td width="30"> <p>JF</p> </td> <td width="67"> <p>Amount</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="43"> <p></p> </td> <td width="184"> <p>To cash a/c</p> </td> <td width="26"> <p></p> </td> <td width="66"> <p>700</p> </td> <td width="48"> <p></p> </td> <td width="174"> <p>By balance c/d</p> </td> <td width="30"> <p></p> </td> <td width="67"> <p>700</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="43"> <p></p> </td> <td width="184"> <p></p> </td> <td width="26"> <p></p> </td> <td width="66"> <p>700</p> </td> <td width="48"> <p></p> </td> <td width="174"> <p></p> </td> <td width="30"> <p></p> </td> <td width="67"> <p>700</p> </td> </tr><tr><td width="43"> <p></p> </td> <td width="184"> <p>To balance b/d</p> </td> <td width="26"> <p></p> </td> <td width="66"> <p>700</p> </td> <td width="48"> <p></p> </td> <td width="174"> <p></p> </td> <td width="30"> <p></p> </td> <td width="67"> <p></p> </td> </tr></tbody></table>

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Procedures of Preparation Ledger Account
Characteristics of a Group

Characteristics of a Group

Characteristics of groups

  1. Valence electrons: The number of valence electrons lying in-group is always same i.e. the elements lying in group IA has one valence electron whereas the elements of group VII A have 7 valence electrons.

    http://i.imgur.com/YQZQGyt.png

  2. Valency: The combining capacity of the elements (i.e. valency) lying in a group is always same. Example: valency of group IA elements is +1 whereas the valency of group VII A elements is -1.
  3. Atomic size: The atomic radius of the element (i.e. atomic size) lying in a group increases as we go up from top to bottom in a group. It is so because on going down in a group the number of shells successively increases.

    http://i.imgur.com/tMuZA2q.png

  4. Ionization energy: The energy, which is required to pull out the most loosely, held electron in an atom is called ionization energy. In a group, on going from top to bottom, the ionization energy decreases as the nucleus apply only less energy to pull outer electron because of longer atomic radius.

    http://i.imgur.com/dA250LA.png

  5. Metallic character: The metallic character of the elements lying in a group increases on going from top to bottom in a group. For e.g.: in-group VA the first element is nitrogen, a non-metal and the last element is bismuth, a metal.
    Element Atomic Number Characters
    Nitrogen (N) 7 Non Metal
    Phosphorous (P) 15 Non Metal
    Arsenic (As) 33 Metalloid
    Antimony (Sb) 51 Metalloid
    Bismuth 83 Metal

    http://i.imgur.com/cZlLs2Y.gif

  6. Electro-positivity: After losing their outer electron, an atom becomes electro-positively charged. So in a group, the electro-positivity of the element increases on going from top to bottom as they can lose their outer electron easily because of longer radius.
  7. Electro-negativity: After gaining its electron, an atom becomes electro-negative. So, the electron gaining capacity of an atom decreases along with the increase in its atomic size. So, electro-negativity of an element decreases as we go from top to bottom.

    http://i.imgur.com/4Yrudj9.gif

  8. Reactivity: In group IA,II A and III A, the elements have the tendency to lose electrons. Therefore, the electron losing capacity increases because of longer atomic radius as we go from up to down. Therefore, reactivity increases on going from top to bottom. But in group VA,VIA and VII A, the elements have the tendency to gain electrons. So, the electron gaining capacity reduces along with the increase in atomic size. So, in these groups, the reactivity decreases as we go from top to bottom.

    http://i.imgur.com/qSnpTSJ.gif

Lesson

Classification Of Elements

Subject

Science

Grade

Grade 10

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