Sexual Reproduction in Animals

Sexual reproduction in animals is the integrated processes of meiosis, mitosis, and fertilization. Gamete is formed after meiosis in male and female reproductive cells. This note explains how sexual reproduction occurs in animals.

Summary

Sexual reproduction in animals is the integrated processes of meiosis, mitosis, and fertilization. Gamete is formed after meiosis in male and female reproductive cells. This note explains how sexual reproduction occurs in animals.

Things to Remember

  • Sexual reproduction in animals is the integrated processes of meiosis, mitosis, and fertilization.
  • Male gamete are micro gamete whereas female gamete are mega gamete.
  • Gamete is formed after meiosis in male and female reproductive cells.
  • Zygote is formed after the fusion of male and female gamete.

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Subjective Questions

Q1:

What is correspondence?


Type: Very_short Difficulty: Easy

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Answer: <p>Correspondence is the process of exchanging written information between individuals and organizations of different places for carrying out different official activities.</p>

Q2:

What is correspondence? Explain its importance.


Type: Long Difficulty: Easy

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Answer: <p>Correspondence is the most means of written communication. It is the process of exchanging official information between individuals and organizations of different places. It is the process of receiving and sending letters for achieving a definite objective. It may also take place in the form of report, circular, telegram and electronic mails. The following is a definition of correspondence:</p> <p>"Correspondence can be defined as communicating in writing on subjects of mutual interest either within the organization or with an outsider. " - S.P Arora</p> <p>According to this definition, we say that correspondence is the process of exchanging written information between individuals and organizations of different places for carrying out different official activities.</p> <p>The following are the importance of correspondence:</p> <ol><li><strong>Exchanges information</strong><br>Correspondence is the safest, cheapest, most convenient and popular means of exchanging information for all individuals, business organizations, government offices and social organization.<br><br></li> <li><strong>Enhances goodwill</strong><br>Effective letter writing creates positive impression upon the customers. It helps to develop positive attitude and impression about the activities and products, which ultimately helps to enhance the goodwill of the organization.<br><br></li> <li><strong>Determines responsibility</strong><br>Correspondence is a written document which is signed by the writer. It makes the receiver responsible to do the job as specified in the letter.<br><br></li> <li><strong>Provides evidence</strong><br>Correspondence maintains written record which can be produced as an evidence for the transactions performed and contract done. Such evidence is useful for settling disputes and misunderstanding.<br><br></li> <li><strong>Makes communication reliable</strong><br>Correspondence is the most reliable means of communication. It is the authentic means of communication which formalizes all the activities of an organization.<br><br></li> <li><strong>Provides written records</strong><br>Correspondence provides written records for all the activities of an organization for future reference. It provides the written records for the transactions performed, decisions taken and contract and agreement done.<br><br></li> <li><strong>Maintains public relation</strong><br>Correspondence is a strong means of communication for maintaining and developing warm relationship with customers, suppliers, financial institutions and governmental bodies. It helps in changing the interest and attitude of the customers and promoting sales.</li> </ol>

Q3:

State the objectives of correspondence.


Type: Short Difficulty: Easy

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Answer: <p>The following are the objectives of correspondence:</p> <ol><li>To keep permanent records of important activities regarding activities the transactions, contracts, contracts, agreement made and decisions taken.</li> <li>To settle the misunderstanding and disputes regarding different matters of the organization by providing written evidence.</li> <li>To provide the valuable information to the concerned parties at the time of necessity.</li> <li>To maintain present and attract potential customers and to promote.</li> <li>To fulfill legal formalities as per the requirement of concerned act.</li> </ol>

Q4:

State any two objectives of correspondence.


Type: Very_short Difficulty: Easy

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Answer: <p>Any two objectives of correspondence are as follows:</p> <ol><li>To keep permanent records of important activities regarding activities the transactions, contracts, contracts, agreement made and decisions taken.</li> <li>To settle the misunderstanding and disputes regarding different matters of the organization by providing written evidence.</li> </ol>

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Sexual Reproduction in Animals

Sexual Reproduction in Animals

Definitions

  1. Hermaphrodites: Those animals that contain both male and female reproductive organs in the same individual are called hermaphrodites.
  2. Fertilization: The process of fusion of male and female gamete is called fertilization.
  3. Internal fertilization: Fertilization, the process of fusion of male and female gamete, which takes place inside the female body, is called internal fertilization. It occurs in higher vertebrates. It is safer and no watery medium is required.
  4. External fertilization: Fertilization, the process of fusion of male and female gamete, which takes place out of the female body, is called external fertilization. It occurs in lower vertebrates. For this fertilization to occur water medium is required and it is not safe.

Procedure of sexual reproduction in animals

After meiosis, the male reproductive system produces sperm (male gamete) and the female reproductive system produces egg (female gamete). Then male releases its gamete that fuses with female gamete. The fusion may be internal (in higher organisms) or external (in lower organisms). If it is external then a medium, that carries male gamete, is required and mostly it is water. After fertilization, the egg becomes zygote and undergoes mitosis to become an embryo. Embryo again with the help of mitosis becomes a new individual.

Difference between male and female gamete:

Male gamete Female gamete
1. It is also called microgamete, as it is smaller than female gamete. 1. It is also called mega gamete, as it is larger than male gamete.
2. It is motile as it can swim with the help of flagella. 2. It is immotile.
3. It is produced after meiosis in male reproductive cells. 3. It is produced after meiosis in female reproductive cells.

Difference between gamete and Zygote

Gamete Zygote
1. It is formed after meiosis in male and female reproductive cells. 1. It is formed after the fusion of male and female gamete.
2. It contains haploid number of chromosome. 2. It contains diploid number of chromosome.
3. Gamete does not divide further. 3. Zygote does divide further and give embryo.

Lesson

Reproduction

Subject

Science

Grade

Grade 10

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