Effects on Ecosystem of the Different Areas

Altitude, climate and land topography determine the population distribution and other living beings. Human being is an integral part of eco-system. Physical and biological components are interrelated. Any activities of human being affect the ecosystem and the environment. Because of the human activities, ecosystem and environment are affected. So, the effects on ecosystem and environment are as follows: -

Effects on the mountain region and its mitigating factors

Local mobility, the opportunity of employment, the source of income etc. are rare in mountain region due to geographical remoteness. Because of these reasons, there is low effect of development construction and industrialisation on the ecosystem of this region:

1. Use of forest and its protection

   

   The density of population is very less in this region. The life of the people is hard due to lack of facilities. Most of the people depend on forest and forest products for their survival. As a result, the forest deteriorates day by day due to over-exploitation.

   The forest must be protected from destruction. The programme of afforestation, awareness generation, use of technology and other alternatives sources help to minimise and protect the forest. Local people should also involve in the forest conservation programme.

2. Use of land and its conservation

   

   The fertility of the soil is very low in this region so agricultural production is very low. The land does yield enough in spite of the efforts of the people. They apply same crops in the same field for many years, which degrade the quality of the soil.

   The land should be preserved through awareness programme to the people about the current condition of the field. Developing the habit of integrated and alternative crops in the land, encouraging the use of compost manure and using modern means and techniques in the field helps to conserve the land.

3. Livestock farming

   

   Most of the people of this region rear animals for milk, meat, trade, labour and other purposes. They allow their cattle in the forest and pasture to graze. The pasture and forest are limited. Overgrazing and encroachment may deplete the nature and natural resources. The local people should be made aware about the forest and pasture. They should be trained about conservation of forest and pasture.

Effects on the hill ecosystem and its mitigating measures

Some effect of human activities, development, construction and modernization on hill ecosystem and their controlling measures are as follows.

1. Use of forest and its protection

   

   Most of the land of this region is used for cultivation. People destroy forest to occupy the land. They have traditional methods for collecting raw materials and cutting trees. They allow their cattle to graze in the forest which destroys the young plants.

   Afforestation, watershed conservation, wildlife conservation, reforestation etc. help to conserve the forest. Public awareness and wise collection of forest materials also help for forest conservation.

2. Use of land and its conservation

   

   People of this region adapt different occupation like business, agriculture, service and so on but most of the people are engaged in agriculture. People use chemical fertiliser, insecticides, pesticides and herbicides for better production, which deplete the fertility of soil and quality of land.

   The farmers should be motivated for using compost manure, modern methods of cultivation and terrace system of farming. Modern means, techniques and alternative income source help to protect the land of this region.

3. Livestock farming

   

   The people of this region rear animals for milk, meat, manure and other purposes. They also allow their cattle in the pasture and forest, which are limited. People should be aware about the harmful effects of overgrazing and importance of young plants.