Ecosystem

Ecosystem is result of combination of living and non-living things.Ecosystem affects different living things, cultural and different economic activity. This note will help to know the environmental status of Nepal.

Summary

Ecosystem is result of combination of living and non-living things.Ecosystem affects different living things, cultural and different economic activity. This note will help to know the environmental status of Nepal.

Things to Remember

  • Ecosystem is the result of the combination of living and non-living things.
  • There are 16 districts in the mountain region, 39 districts in the hilly region and 20 districts in terai region of our country.
  • Hilly region is divided into 3 regions named Mahabharat, Middle areas and Churia.
  • Terai region is also known as 'Bread Basket' of Nepal.

MCQs

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Subjective Questions

Q1:

Explain the items relating to the debit side of profit and loss account.


Type: Short Difficulty: Easy

Show/Hide Answer
Answer: <p>The following are the items relating to debit side of the profit and loss account:</p> <ul><li><strong>Office and administrative expenses:</strong> <br>All the expenses, which are incurred in the process of operating the business, are known as office and administrative expenses. These expenses are incurred in managing the whole activities of the business. It includes the expenses like office salaries, printing and stationary expenses, legal expenses, telephone and electricity charges, office rent, audit fees, insurance premium etc.<br><br></li> <li><strong>Selling and distributing expenses:</strong> <br>Expenses, which are incurred in the process of selling and distributing the goods, are known as selling and distributing expenses. These expenses are incurred in maintaining and promoting sales. It includes the expenses like warehouse expenses, carriage on sales, packing expenses, commission on sales, advertising, travelling expenses etc.<br><br></li> <li><strong>Financial expenses:<br></strong>The expenses, which are incurred for fulfilling the financial need of the business, are known as financial expenses. These expenses are incurred for steady supply of financial necessary for the business. These expenses include interest on loan, interest on bank overdraft, bank charges etc.<br><br></li> <li><strong>Depreciation and repair &amp; maintenance:</strong> <br>Depreciation is the permanent decrease in the value of fixed assets due to their continuous use. It is a loss to the business. The repair &amp; maintenance expenses are incurred to maintain the working condition of the fixed assets.<br><br></li> <li><strong>Other expenses and losses:</strong> <br>Other expenses and losses like bad debts, provision for bad debts, loss on sale of fixed assets, loss of goods in transit etc. are included on debit side of the profit and loss account.</li> </ul>

Q2:

Explain the items relating to credit side of profit and loss account.


Type: Short Difficulty: Easy

Show/Hide Answer
Answer: <p>The following are the items relating to credit side of profit and loss account:</p> <ul><li><strong>Indirect incomes:</strong> <br>Profit and loss account contains all the indirect incomes in its credit side. Incomes from commission and discount are the examples of indirect incomes.<br><br></li> <li><strong>Other incomes and profits:</strong> <br>Profit and loss account contains all other incomes like interest on investment, interest on deposit, dividend received, bad debts recovered etc. It also includes profit on sale of fixed assets, profit on sale of investment etc.</li> </ul>

Q3:

Explain the procedures of preparing profit and loss account.


Type: Short Difficulty: Easy

Show/Hide Answer
Answer: <p>Profit and loss account is prepared by following certain procedures. It is prepared in the form of the ledger and hence it contains two sides: Debit and Credit. While placing the items in the profit and loss account, expenses and losses are debited and incomes and profits are credited. The procedures of preparing the profit and loss account can be explained as follows: -</p> <ol><li><strong>Transferring gross profit or gross loss:</strong> <br>The amount of gross profit is transferred from trading account in credit side of the profit and loss account with the words &ldquo;By gross profit b/d&rdquo;. If there is gross loss in the trading account, it is transferred in its debit side with the words &ldquo;To gross loss b/d&rdquo; under particulars column.<br><br></li> <li><strong>Placing expenses and losses in debit side:</strong><br>Items relating to office and administrative expenses, selling and distributing expenses, financial expenses, depreciation and repairs and maintenance expenses and other expenses and losses are debited in the profit and loss account.<br><br></li> <li><strong>Placing incomes and profits in credit side:</strong> <br>Items relating to indirect incomes and other incomes and profits are credited in the profit and loss account.<br><br></li> <li><strong>Balancing and closing the profit and loss account:</strong> <br>Profit and loss account is prepared to know the amount of net profit or net loss. It is determined by balancing the profit and loss account. The following procedures are followed for balancing and closing the profit and loss account: -<br><ul><li>Find out the heavier side</li> <li>Put the difference amount in lighter side to make total of both sides equal</li> <li>Write the words &ldquo;To Net profit c/d&rdquo; if credit total exceeds debit total or &ldquo;By Net loss c/d&rdquo; if debit total exceeds credit total against the difference amount under particulars column.</li> <li>Draw double parallel lines after the total amount of both sides to close the accounts.</li> </ul></li> </ol>

Q4:

What do you mean by office and administrative expenses?


Type: Very_short Difficulty: Easy

Show/Hide Answer
Answer: <p>All the expenses, which are incurred in the process of operating the business, are known as office and administrative expenses. These expenses are incurred in managing the whole activities of the business. It includes the expenses like office salaries, telephone and electricity charges, office rent, audit fees, insurance premium etc.</p>

Q5:

What do you mean by selling and distributing expenses?


Type: Very_short Difficulty: Easy

Show/Hide Answer
Answer: <p>Expenses, which are incurred in the process of selling and distributing the goods, are known as selling and distributing expenses. These expenses are incurred in maintaining and promoting sales.</p>

Q6:

What do you mean by financial expenses?


Type: Very_short Difficulty: Easy

Show/Hide Answer
Answer: <p>The expenses, which are incurred for fulfilling the financial need of the business, are known as financial expenses. These expenses are incurred for the steady supply of financial necessary for the business.</p>

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Ecosystem

Ecosystem

To have a particular type of formation of land, climate, temperature, vegetation, etc is called ecosystem. The ecosystem is the result of the combination of living and non-living things. Ecosystem affects different living things, cultural and different economic activity.

Mountain Region

  1. Physical aspects
    Mountain region is situated between 4800m to 8848m in the north from east to west. In the eastern part, snow falls above 5000 metres and in the western part snowfall above 4000 meters. The climate is cold and dry. There are many mountain peaks like Sagarmatha, Langtang, Kanchenjunga, Annapurna etc. There are 16 districts in the mountain region of our country. Mountain region is divided into main Himalaya, inter Himalaya and outer Himalaya.
     
  2. Biological aspects
    The people living in mountain region grow barley, radish, apple, etc. The main tribes of people living in mountain region are sherpa. bhotias, lepcahas, etc. The main trees are rhododendron, bhojpatra, dhupi, salla, deodar etc. Above 4000 meter, only bush,bushes and grass is found, no trees are found. Here Snow leopard, Wild bear, Pheasant are the main animals. Those animals and trees are found which grow in less oxygen and survive. These animals can't survive in Terai region.
     
  3. Socio-economic aspect
    Land is less fertile but suitable for animal rearing. There is meadow from Kaligandaki Gorge to Arun and Barun valley. Humla, Jumla and Manang are basically valleys. People live in river basin and slope lap of mountain. Sherpa, Thakali, Gurung, are the main race.Their main festival is Loshar. Muktinath, Gosainkunda are the main heritage. Palanchowk, Namche, Chame, Bhaj Khola are the main places. Its house food occupation is totally different from others. 73% people are living here.
     

 

Hill Region

  1. Physical aspects
    There are 39 districts. Churia Range is situated in the southern part of this region.There are several hills of different shapes and sizes formed by terraces and narrow plain areas.It is divided into 3 regions named Mahabharat, Middle areas and Churia.
     
  2. Biological aspects
    There are dense and thin forests in this region. The main plants are Sal, Katus, Chilaune, Bamboo, and different types of pine. Rhododendron, Kharsho, Deodar, Sissau, Khayar and other plants are found in higher part of this region. It is habitat for different types of animals, birds and other valuable organisms. This region is suitable for horticulture and livestock farming. In this region, people cultivate a variety of cereal and cash crops.
     
  3. Socio-economic aspects
    People cultivate maize, millet, rice, barley and wheat with other inner crops. The farmers depend onrainfall for agriculture because there is no irrigation facility. In thesmall valley and narrow plain area, people cultivate rice. This region is suitable for horticulture, livestock farming, cereal and cash crops. The farmers raise animals such as cow, buffalo, goat and sheep. Brahmin,Chhetri, Newar, Rai, Limbu, Magar, Tamang, Gurung, Thakali, Kami and Sarki are the main races.
     

 

Terai Region

  1. Physical aspects

    It is from Mechi to Mahakali which includes 20 districts. 23% of the land is covered with Terai region. It has been formed with fine and fertile soil. Sub-regions of the Terai are Inner Terai, Bhahar Terai and Main Terai.

     
  2. Biological aspects

    Tiger, Elephant, Rhinoceros, Deer are the main animals. Sal, Katus, Chilaune, Sissau, Pipal are the main plants. Rice, wheat, maize, tobacco, sugarcane and oilseed are the main crops. Fish farming is popular in this region.

     
  3. Socio-Economic aspects

    It is called store of grain. Cottage and large industries have been in operation. Agriculture, business and service are the main occupations. Biratnagar, Rajbiraj, Janakpur, Birgunj and Nepalgunj are the main cities. Rajbansi, Rajput, Tharu are the main castes in Terai.

Lesson

Environmental Status Of Nepal

Subject

EPH

Grade

Grade 10

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